Clinical Research Industry Issues Essay Example for Free

clinical research Industry Issues EssayServices in the business sector becomes troublesome when customers seem to act withal superior when dealing with the companys employees (Bassett 25). Companies which disseminate excellent customer service definitely excel in the market (Bassett 26). There be volume of physicians who run out of patients to treat, and still, there are a lot of patients who search for the right physicians (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Physicians enter into a competitive market within the consumer population by trying to put the best medical practices forward in the market of consumer population (Rizzo Sindelar 968).These medical practices are what make the physicians stand out among the patients (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Patients may conciliate to seek the serve of a different physician due to relocation reasons (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Patients also may change the physician that they are seeing due to the feature that their previous physician is not able to diss eminate the quality level of services that the patients are seeking (Rizzo Sindelar 968).Wider government services are of no routine to be implemented as aid to pharmaceutical operations if the pharmaceutical industry would not adjust its degree of services to public needs (Olson 304). The pharmaceutical industry needs to work hand in hand with other health care provider companies so that it would be able to improve its services to the public (Olson 304). The pharmaceutical industry needs to work more closely with physicians in order to better improve its services.The pharmaceutical industries would be able to commence advice from physicians regarding the following matters Clinical seek Industry Issues 3 1. The rampant illnesses that patients possess. 2. The common types of medications that patients are prescribed to. With this information gathered by the pharmaceutical establishments from physicians, the pharmaceutical establishments may be able to provide better services to the patients. Literature Review 2. Ethical And Policy Issues In Research Involving Human ParticipantsIt is of utmost importance that the welfare or well-being of the human participants be given consideration when conducting a research (Jones 97). It is required that every researcher declare the progress of his/her report to a research study agency as outlined in a particular researchs ethical guidelines (Jones 97). 3. Research Involving Persons With Mental Disorders That May push Decision- Making-Capacity Researches on the origins of mental disorders refer to neurobiological elements as their causes (Walsh, Green, Matthews Puerto 43).Sixty one percent of the participants that have been studied on these researches unanimously states that a person with a high level of mental illness inherits the illness from a mentally ill parent (Walsh, Green, Matthews Puerto 43). 4. Bias In Pharmaceutical Sponsored (Funded) Clinical Trials Clinical Research Industry Issues 4 The pharmaceutical i ndustry may become biased when sponsoring clinical trials. They may actually tamper with the results of the clinical trials to make it appear that the participants are sick even when they are not, just to increase the pharmaceutical industrys sales.5. Relationship Between Clinical Investigators And The Pharmaceutical Industry At times, the executives of the pharmaceutical industries bribe the clinical investigators in order to tamper with the results of the clinical trials. This is an unethical and legally violating event that takes place sometimes 6. Corporate Hand In Clinical Trials And Their Contracts With Medicine Academia The corporations usually consult the medicine academia for sources and aid in order to facilitate their clinical trials at the highest level of quality.Clinical Research Industry Issues 5 References Bassett, G. (1992). Operations Management For Service Industries Competing In The Service Era. Westport Quorum Books. Rizzo, J. A. Sindelar, J. L. (2002). Optima l Regulation Of Multiply-Regulated Industries The Case Of Physician Services. Southern Economic Journal, 62 968. Walsh, J. , Green, R. , Matthews, J. Puerto, B. B. (2005). amicable Workers Views Of The Etiology Of Mental Disorders Results Of A National Study. Social Work , 50 43.

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development Essay Example for Free

The US Department of Housing and Urban Development EssayThe US Department of Housing and Urban Development maintains a web internet site with a section dedicated to the Public Housing Environmental Conservation Clearinghouse. The website defines water conservation as a term that refers to reducing use of fresh water, through technological or social methods. In order to encourage water conservation, the site provides a spreadsheet that allows people to benchmark their water consumption. Based on the spreadsheet, a score of 0 means that water consumption is probably excessive, whereas a score of vitamin C probably means water is being effectively consumed. The spreadsheet was designed as a method for Public Housing Authorities to determine each starts water consumption in order to encourage more efficient water consumption and reduce water related utility costs. The site also provides an argona for related links to other sites that provide water conservation tips. Unfortunatel y, the only working link leads to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (sponsored by the US Department of Agriculture). This site describes ways in which people can conserve water use in their backyards.The other links appear to be outdated. There is also an area on the website entitled residents corner, which aims to provide research materials in order for residents and the general public to utilize and become more complicated with environmental conservation. Unfortunately, only one of these links seems to work. The link leads the browser to a site sponsored by the US Environmental Protection Agency, which provides water conservation tips for residents.Finally, the website provides links that allow the browser to research and review more details about what Department of Housing and Urban Development and other federal government agencies are doing to further energy awareness. Although the site provides a useful spreadsheet that enables Public Housing Authorities to determine the effectiveness of water consumption in projects, the site does teensy-weensy to encourage browsers to conserve water. Most of the links are outdated, and there is barely any discussion as to the benefits of water conservation.

Political science as a social science Essay Example for Free

Political accomplishment as a neighborly science Es theorizePolitical Science is in dismantle a social science, and in part a kindliness. Both argon important. In this topic, we provide look at the basics of social science inquiry, and then proceed to show how this differs from, on the peerless hand, inquiry in the native sciences and, on the other, inquiry in the humanities. Social Science Social science inquiry seeks to develop empirical theory. ? info-based? refers to things that can be experienced through and through the five senses of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, or (in the case of governmental corruption) smelling. Theory? basically nub explanation. An empirical theory of politics, then, is an attempt to beg off why people behave the way they do politically. If a social scientist (or anyone else) observes people engaging in political behavior, he or she will remove to focus on certain characteristics of the people being observed. The observer may wonder why some people differ from others in their political characteristics. Why, for example, be some people Liberals while others are Conservatives and still others are New Democrats.Characteristics that differ from one person to another are called one variables. Those that do not are called constants. Constants are generally less interesting than variables. thither is not more than point in trying to explain voting behavior in a country in which only one party appears on the ballot. Of course, we might then ask why some countries have only one party whereas others have multi-party systems, but now we are treating ? number of parties? as a variables. Everyday language is full of what are, in effect, hypotheses about political behavior.For example, guggle about a ? gender gap? in voting hypothesizes that vote (the dependent variable) is in part a function of gender (the independent variable), with women more likely to vote for the Liberals or New Democrats and men more likely to vot e Conservative. Social science research differs from everyday discussion of politics in two ways. The first is where hypotheses come from. Anyone who follows politics will likely carry around in his or her head a lot of ideas about what explains political behavior.Such ideas may come from personal experience, from conversations with others, or from following politics through the mass media. This is true as substantially for the ways social scientists return about politics. In addition, however, social scientists develop hypotheses more systematically by studying the scholarly literature for the results of previous research. This is important for at least a couple of reasons. For one thing, it is usually the case that the more you learn what is already known about a subject, the more new questions you are likely to have.A review of the literature helps generate new hypotheses. Even more important, social science seeks not merely to describe raw facts, but to explain why people beha ve the way that they do. To accomplish this, we need to put our ideas into a broader theoretical context that offers such an explanation. It is a fact that in the United States, from 1936 through 2000, the incumbent party has always won the presidency whenever the Washington Redskins won their last home game before the election, and lost whenever the Redskins lost.However, since there is no well-founded explanation for why this should be the case, it is merely an interesting bit of trivia, and no serious observer of politics would rely on it in analyzing the next presidential contest. A second difference is that, for many people, ideas about patterns of political behavior remain merely assumptions. Social science insists that the validity of assumptions must be tested against data. Conceptual interpretation. We need to know, and be able to communicate to others, what our independent and dependent variables mean.What, in other words, is the idea in our mind when we use a marge? De finitions found in dictionaries are examples of conceptual definitions. Sometimes, the idea that is in our mind when we use a term will be obvious, but often it will not. Many concepts used in political science are anything but clear. If we are to study political ideology, for example, we need to spell out with as much precision as possible what that concept means in the context of our research. Operational definition. For hypotheses to be tested, we will need to come up with measurements of our variables.An operational definition is one stated in a way that can be directly measured by data. We strive for a one-to-one correspondence amidst our conceptual definitions and our measurements (operational definitions) of them. If we succeed, then our measurements have validity and reliability. Data needed to provide operational definitions of our variables come from a wide variety of sources. We may gather the data ourselves. Analysis of data that we gather in order to test hypotheses th at we have formulated is called primary abstract.Often, however, this approach would be totally beyond our resources of time, money, and expertise. A across the country survey of public opinion, for example, would take months to design and carry out, would cost many thousands of dollars, and would require the services of a large survey research organization. Often, secondary analysis of data (that is, analysis of data originally gathered for other purposes) will suit our needs far better. Indeed, very important databases are used some exclusively in secondary analysis. The Census Canada data is a good example.Other surveys such as the Canadian National Election Study and the everyday Social Survey were created, in part, for the express purpose of providing quality survey data for secondary analysis by students of Canadian politics. Indeed much of the clip using the Canadian National is based on secondary analysis. To facilitate secondary analysis, the University of Toronto Data Library, and other university-based data archives have been established passim the world. The largest of these is the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) established in 1962.Today, over 500 colleges and universities from all over the world, including the University of Toronto are member institutions. Students and faculty at these institutions amaze datasets that provide the basis for numerous scholarly books, articles, and conference papers, graduate theses and dissertations, and undergraduate term papers. The Social Sciences and the Natural Sciences What we have described as the social science method ? the ride to explain empirical phenomena by developing and testing hypotheses ? could as easily be called simply ? the scientific method,? without the ?social? qualifier. There are, however, differences mingled with social sciences, including political science, and the natural sciences. Though these are differences in degree, they are important. One difference is that the natural sciences rely much more heavily on experimental design, in which subjects are assigned randomly to sort outs and in which the researcher is able to manipulate the independent variable in order to measure its feign on the dependent variable. Often, when people think about the scientific method, what they have in mind are these sorts of controlled laboratory experiments.In political science, we for the most part are not able to carry out experimental designs. If, for example, we wish to study the impact of party affiliation on decisions by judges, we cannot very well assign judges to different parties, but rather have to take the data as they come to us from observing judges in their natural setting. Experimental design, however, does not define the natural sciences, nor does its absence define the social sciences. Astronomy, for example, must of necessity rely on observation of things that cannot be manipulated. ?Epidemiological? medical examinati on research also relies on non-experimental data. Conversely, the social science discipline of social psychology has been built in large part from experiments in small group laboratories. In political science, a great deal of laboratory research on the impact of campaign commercials has been carried out in recent years. Field experiments are also common, as when survey researchers will test the impact of alternative question wordings by splitting their sample and administering different questionnaire forms to different subsets of respondents.Nevertheless, it is fair to say that experimental designs are much less common in the social sciences, including political science, than in the natural sciences. Most of our research design is, in effect, an effort to approximate the logic of experimental design as closely as possible. Other differences, also differences in degree, have to do with lower levels of consensus in the social sciences. There is less consensus about conceptual definiti on. Even if we agree that power is a key concept for the study of politics, we may not agree on what power means.Chemists, on the other hand, not only agree that molecules are important, they also mean pretty much the same thing when they use the term. There is less consensus about operational definition. Chemists also agree on how to measure the atomic weight of a molecule. Social scientists are far from unanimous in the ways they go about measuring power. It bears repeating that these differences are ones of degree. In the natural sciences there are also disputes at the frontiers of the various disciplines about what concepts are important, what they mean, and how they should be measured.In the social sciences, consensus is likely to break down from the start. Even if we can agree that a particular concept is important, on what it means, and on how it should be measured, we will encounter far larger problems of measurement error than those in the natural sciences, where measuremen t is not without error, but is typically much more precise. Finally, opine that we are involved in trying to explain human behavior. People do not seem to behave as predictably as molecules.Philosophers are not in agreement on this point, but it may be that human behavior is inherently less predictabl The fact that we deal with tendencies rather than with laws means that, for the most part (and despite impressive work by ? rational choice? theorists to develop formal mathematical models of political behavior), political science makes relatively little use of elegant systems of deduction, but considerable use of statistics, which provides us with valuable tools for dealing with probabilities.Despite its unavoidable limitations, political science as a social science has produced an explosion in our knowledge about politics. This has had important practical consequences. For example, no serious aspirant for a major elected space in an economically developed democracy would consider embarking on a campaign without consulting experts in survey research, a signature social science technique. In addition to being, in part, a social science, political science is also in part a humanity. Political science as a humanity means at least a couple of different things.

Overview of Brazils macro environment

Overview of brazil nuts macro milieu creation ane of the members of the Big Four BRIC countries, brazil nut experienced the stinting downswing and bust and has been hampered by excessive indebtedness and high inflation in the past. Since 1990s, brazil nut has implemented numerous policies with government and authorities support to launch the reform. Brazils economies started to growth rapidly after policies and stabilisation plan were implemented. Moreover, the ongoing sound marco-economic and kind policies have extended the period of stability, growth and social gains (WorldBank, 2010). Thus, the continuous growing of its interior for hosting the World Cup and prodigious Games in 2014 and 2016 respectively send packing pursue industrial and agricultural growth. With the vast natural resources, labor pool and trading opportunities to other immaterial countries therefore pregnantly increased in Brazil and much irrelevant castors were attracted. Nowadays, it has become a re gional attracter with leading economic power of S turn uph America that is one of the first in the atomic tour 18a to begin an economic recovery (InvestorPlace, 2010).Overview of Brazils macro-environmentIn this section, it is going to overview Brazils macro environment by applying PEST analysis and the few aspects are being discussed as follow.PEST AnalysisPEST analysis is analyzing the external environment which is analyzing the factors of Marco-environment. It includes Political factors, Economic factors, Sociological factors and the Technological factors (Jobber, D., 2004).Political FactorsRefer to pulp 2.1, Brazil has the stable political climate which under the leadership of the communist party. The legal system of it is hind endd on the Roman Codes (CIA, 2010). Brazil has 26 administrative divisions and the government is divided into executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch (CIA, 2010). In addition, it perceived the corruption problem as ranked 7fifth co ngeal out of 180 nations of the transparency Internationals 2009 Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency, 2010).In addition, Brazil involved within the free al draw agreement that is signed by the unite States, Central America and Domini so-and-so Republic which benefited Brazil for trading opportunities (BusyTrade, 2010). Furthermore, it launched the Growth Acceleration Plan in 2007 to explain and steady the economic growth (WorldBank, 2010)Being one of the emerging economies in the world, Brazils rescue is growing at a moderate but steady level with continuous growing GDP. Refer to image 2.2 which is figured out that the GDP of Brazil is constant growth during 2000 to 2007 signifi coffin nailtly.and maintained the sustainable growth to 2008.From Figure 2.3, Brazil weathered the global financial downturn with relatively minor impacts.The country was one of the last to fallinto recession in 2008 and among the first to resume growth in 2009. With the salient growth in agricu ltural, manufacturing and mining, it ranked highest among the South American countries with the strong position in the global economy (Tradingeconomics, 2010).Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the worlds tenth largesteconomy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It has large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool. Thus, the expanding of its presence in international financial and commodities markets can help Brazils economic keep on growthRefer to Figure 2.4, the interest rate in Brazil is kept on declining as to attract more impertinent direct investment. The government lowered down the interest rate, in consequence, to lower the inflation rate.From Figure 2.4, Brazil suffered serious inflation rate in 2008. However, it declined during 2009. The in style(p) inflation rate is 4.6% in July o f 2010 which means the costs measured against the standard purchasing power is stock- put away high.According to Figure 2.6, about currency convertibility, Brazil allows its currency to adjust in value in foreign exchange markets so long as the fluctuations in value.From Table 2.7, the mid-year population is 201,103 thousands and ranked 5 out of 238 countries (CIA, 2010). Brazil was one of the largest population countries in the world. The growth rate of 2010 is 1.2 which was lower than 1995 and 2005.The nationality of Brazil was Brazilians (CIA, 2010) and the religions were mainly Roman Catholic (CIA, 2010). The languages of Brazilians were Portuguese (CIA, 2010).From Figure 2.8, Brazil does not suffer from aging problem. And the lineage rate was maintained from 2009 that 18.43% in Figure 2.9 (UNICEF, 2010). Together with longer life expectancy with the index of life expecting at birth in 2008 is around 71.99 years old as maintained (UNICEF, 2009).The labour force is 101.7 mill ion in 2009 that ranked 6th out of 228 countries (CIA, 2010). The unemployment rate is kept on dropping in these 2 years as refer to Figure 2.10.The mapping of female and male are vary by social classes (EveryCulture, 2010). Most of the Brazilian women had jobs outside home and employed in low-skill or low paying jobs (EveryCulture, 2010). It meant that there was no gender equality in that society. rootage Tradingeconomics, 2010Despite the poverty ratio is decreasing as refer to Figure 2.11, Brazils inequality levels remains among the highest in the world. Many people still live in poverty with social exclusion is quantitatively and qualitatively pronounced and structurally ingrained (WorldBank, 2010).Technology FactorsBrazil is a leader in science and engineering in South America and in some fields as a global leader. About the technological research is largely carried out in Brazil which is mainly supported by government. Furthermore, the Brazilian information technology market i s the largest in Latin America and the spending on IT reaping and work is expected to increase positively. Together with the expending economy lifting millions into middle class for whom computers are no longer beyond reach. Brazils IT services market is expected to have-to doe with to grow strongly in 2010, with total spending of around US$9.4bn as the economy continues to bounce back from recession. For a developing market, the percentage of Brazil IT market revenues generated by services is high at around 38%, which corresponds more to developed market levels.Brazil government supported the technology development by providing the funding as it was the leader of science and technology development in South America. Refer to Figure 2.12, Brazils research and development is keen on innovation of technology base of operations.Ideological FactorsBrazilians had the strong national ideology that they called their land as the racial democracy (EveryCulture, 2010). They were seldom jud ge on the black and blank people but classified racially depend on the social classes (EveryCulture, 2010). As a result, it meant that Brazilians were having heavy concepts on the social classes.Brazils Trade, enthronization and Migration PatternBrazil is in Group 4 which is the nearly red-hot industrialised economies with the average growth rate in pass decades (Thompson, G., 1998). Agricultural was playing an important role in Brazil. However, Brazil is turning from agricultural to industrialization. Agricultural should be a critical role to Brazil (Balassa, B., 1998). As a result, in order to develop the economics, Brazil needed to import the industrialization subsidiaries much(prenominal) as machinery and equipment.By the trade theory, the comparative advantage of the nation is determined by factor endowments (Thompson, G., 1998). During the movement of industrialization, the structure of comparative advantage shifts from simple, labor-intensive product to sophisticated ne at and technology-intensive product (Thompson, G., 1998). As a result, Brazil as the latecomer industrialization (Thompson, G., 1998) begins to import the products from the travel nations such as United States.The following are the indicators of imports and exports by values.From Figure 3.1, Brazils value of exports and imports is sustainable growth during 2007 to 2008. As the brought down by weaker economic activeness and lower global commodity prices drive the total exports fell by 22.7% (in US dollar terms) and imports by 26% as economic recession (CIA, 2010).Furthermore, Brazils export major commodities are transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos is ranked 26th when compare to the universal. And import major commodities are machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, and electronics (CIA, 2010).Investment patternIn Latin America, Brazil is the largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) as Brazil i s open to and make headways foreign investment. Only generate the national savings is not sufficient for sustainable long-term growth in Brazil (Investorplace, 2010), thus must continue to attract FDI. Together with the legislation promoting public-private partnerships and infrastructure development program known as the Growth Acceleration Program can boost Brazils economic.From Figure 3.2, the foreign direct investment climate was not stable during 2002 to 2009. thither are undulated changes during 2007 to 2009 because of low labour cost and rich natural resources, hence, many foreign direct investments were attracted to invest in Brazil. For many foreign direct investors, the most attraction point was the growing local market and policies that encourage the foreign investment (Hubpages, 2010). The largest single source of the foreign investment in Brazil was the United States, then Germany, Japan as follow (Hubpages, 2010). Moreover, the biggest foreign direct investment activit ies were invested in manufacturing (Hubpages, 2010). In 2014 and 2016, it is going to held World Cup and Olympics encourage the investment through tourism sector (InvestBrazil, 2010).Migration patternAs economic growth, Brazilian started to move to urban to have a better living environment. There were two factors driven the movement, push and pull factors (Thompson, G., 1998). Push factor was Brazilian to avoid poverty and poor living standard. Pull factor was Brazilian to ameliorate the living environment. As a result, there is now 88% of population is classified as urban (CIA, 2010). Only a few percent were still living near the coast. The net migration rate was -0.09 migrants/1,000 population (CIA, 2010).Relationship between Brazil and the international environmentPolitical FactorsIn 1990, Brazils government has radically changed the poser conditions for industrial development accompanied by technology and industrial policy programs. Moreover, Brazil is gradually opening the ma rket to foreign competitors that remarked few regulations on trade and investment from foreign countries, thus creating an environment that requires international competitiveness and thereby forces companies to attain international levels of quality and efficiency (BrazilGov, 2010).There are a number of implications that Brazil is implementing to mesh the Foreign exchange rate of currency with the policies and action programs. Moreover, the presence of legal and regulatory trading protection for foreign investor doing business in Brazil. As refer to Figure 4.1, Brazil was ranked 73th out of the 183 best practice economies countries (IFC, 2010). Together with foreign direct investment and government support that has mobilized a significantly large totality of capital to upgrade the infrastructure of interior (FloridaBrazil, 2010).Economical FactorsDespite the economic crisis, Brazils GDP showed continued growth through 2007-2008 age other regional countries GDP declined (Worldbank , 2010). In addition, the steady growth with strong consumer spending and job creation that stability of living forming a healthy economy, hence, Brazil certainly attract the foreign investors to catch up the business opportunity (Obelisk, 2010).Brazil with large growing in agricultural, manufacturing and mining, thus, Brazil is keen on perform its potential to being emerging market. As a result, Brazil ranks among the 10th richest nations of the world by GDP and has maintained the lowest external debt when compared to other regional countries (SloanCenter, 2010).Sociological FactorsBrazil is one of the countries that has the largest population of the world with around 102 million labor force that ranked as 6th when comparing to the world as shown in Figure (CIA, 2010).Ideological FactorsBrazilians had strong sense of national ideology that proud of their countrys natural resources and diverse culture (EveryCulture, 2010). Besides, Brazilians are welcome the foreigners to travel an d invest in such robust emerging market (FloridaBrazil, 2010).Foreign RelationsBrazil is a community leader in Linter American with collective protective covering efforts in economic cooperation of westerly Hemisphere (BrazilGov, 2010). Moreover, as a member of Organization of American States and Inter American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance that can figure out that Brazil has potential to expand relations with its neighbors (BrazilGov, 2010).In addition, Brazil is a founding member of the Latin American Integration tie beam and Union of South American Nations that has been a leader of G-20 group of nations (BrazilGov, 2010). In 2009, Brazil not only became a creditor country that trading with United States, Western Europe, and Japan, but also China is a growing market for Brazilian exports.Characteristics and Challenges of macro-environmental factors towards the trade, investment and migration patterns of emerging marketsMain drivers for doing business in BrazilBrazil is the 5t h largest economy with population of 198 million.Many local companies are undervalued and in need of restructuring, capital and technologyGrowth potential and consumer marketBroad industrial base and infrastructure, and a diversified economyCreativity and flexibility of labor force, coupled with its competitive cost basisAbundant agricultural, mineral and energy resources and potential constituted transportation networks (railways, highways, ports) and distribution channels in most industrialized areasPrivatization in late stages and follow-on transactions still in developmentInflation under control in the last 10 yearsIncreasing globalization and international trade, with Government policies favoring exportsForeign investors are eligible for most available fiscal incentives state of grace generally tax deductibleNew regulations favoring minority shareholdersImprovement in local capital and debt marketsMain Challenges of doing Deals in BrazilComplex tax and employee cogitate regula tory environment, with high taxes and social charges on payroll, sales and incomeMultiple taxes with fast changing legislation affecting business plans and increasing risks of contingenciesEconomic environment still considered volatile as compared to more stable economiesFast-changing business conditionsLack of local financing coupled with high real interest ratesQuality of historic financial information affected by fluctuations in exchange rates and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles differencesComplex transfer pricing and foreign capital registration rulesDifficulties in reorganizing companies quickly, including high costs for employee terminationsImportant cultural peculiarities, including a different perception of the due diligence processSometimes the know-who is more important than the know-how in the local marketConsiderable bureaucratic rules and regulations for certain businesses and industriesHigh demand for investments in the distribution channels and infrastructure Semi-skilled and unskilled labor in certain developing areasSocial extremes with unequal distribution of wealth a significant portion of thePopulation not participating in the consumer market acknowledgment of selection of BrazilThere are many reasons of choosing Vietnam and going to identify its economic future as emerging market.First, Brazil has strong commitment that has do significant progress in developing a sustainable investment market over the last decade and rightly deserves its reputation as the leader among emerging economies in this regard. These achievements can proofed that foreign investors are tend to doing business in Brazil as refer to Figure 6.1, 6.2.Second, the evolution of a sustainable investment market by Brazil has led other emerging markets to focus on the same issues and goals.Third, Brazil has strong business moorage that importance of sustainability in business and investment in Brazil that provide stable political climate and facilitated rules and re gulations that maintained the economy steady growth.Finally, Brazil present impressive courage, determination, flexibility, and creativity in sustainable future. Together with Brazils stable economic and political environment that liberal investment and governments commitment to economic reform can direct Brazil being success.In order entering into Brazil, 4P is playing an important role to guide the investors as refer to Figure 7.1. outputProduct is a key element in the overall marketing offering. (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007).From Figure 7.2, there are three levels of products which are core benefits, actual product and augment product. In order to evaluate the product element in Brazil, it is important to understand their lifestyle, habit and their consumption behaviour.Nowadays, Brazilian demand more IT products such as mobile phone, computers and software. Moreover, as Brazilian are becoming more wealthy, the demand of housing and transportation are increasing (Laposte, 20 10).Most Brazilian including the low-income population is fast(a) to brands. Those people with the upper-middle classes are pay attention on the quality and the value-added services such as the warranty or after-sales services. They will not reject the foreign goods although they have the national pride (Laposte, 2010).As a result, based on the three levels of product, in order to design the product to enter into Brazil, it is recommended that import the convenience, obtain and specialty products to satisfy both low and high income group. For the low income group, the core benefit of the product should be high quality commodities with low price such as toothpaste. For the high income group, the core benefit of the product should be strong brand preference such as luxury goods.PricePrice is the amount of money charged for a product or services (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). As there is a wide gap of rich and poor in Brazil, the price setting should based on the target segment wh ich is the segmented pricing. Segment pricing is selling products or services at two or more prices which difference in price not differences in costs (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). If the target segment is the low-middle class, the price setting should be lower. If the target segment is the high-middle class, the price can be higher as they are less price-sensitive.Place (Distribution Channel)Marketing channel is a set of independent organization that help make the product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). When enter into Brazil, producers cannot sell the goods directly to the final users. As a result, the intermediaries are playing the important role to bring the products to the markets. In Brazil, supermarket is becoming more important for the distribution channel as it made 80% of sales (Laposte, 2010). There are several large local wholesalers and retailers in Brazil. When entering into Brazil, it can choose the major wholesaler as the intermediaries to help pitch the foreign products to Brazilian.PromotionPromotion mix is the specific mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing that a company uses to persuasively communicate customer value and build customer relationships. (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). In order to make the effective promotion in Brazil, it is going to discuss on the media environment in Brazil.Television has the lowest average Advertising Index in the world (Anonymous, 2006). However, it was the most effective promotion tools to Brazilian. Refer to Table 7.1, TVs penetration is 97.4% which was dominant. Brazilian watched television over five hours per day. As a result, the promotion should mainly focus on television which has a high coverage.Moreover, there is another new opportunity to promote in Brazil which is direct e-marketing such as telemarketing, e-mail etc. These can be used as the promotional tactical manoeuvre but not to maintain the relationship between the customers and companies (Laposte, 2010).The most effective way of the promotion strategy should be the pull strategy which spends a lot on advertising to create customers demand on products (Armstrong, G. Kotler, P., 2007). In addition, the promotional message on advertising should be reflecting Brazils culture such as Brazilian is enthusiasm.ConclusionBrazil has steadily improved macroeconomic stability, building up foreign reserves, reducing its debt profile by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments, adhering to an inflation target, and committing to fiscal responsibility. Brazils potential can be maintained and sustained in future of development.

Production And Operations Management Information Technology Essay

Production And operations Management Information Technology EssayAs Purchasing Manager for highfalutin Motors, I hurt endeavored towards continuous critical evaluation of the existing kneades and policies that has impact on the daily operating theatres, with the purpose of promoting efficiency, reducing monetary values and further improving the performance of grandiose Motors. This state aims to give upshots to the challenges faced by highfaluting due to its growth, of get and availability of advantage part and materials which play a evidential role in its operation and sustainability of the line of reasoning. This report attempts to critically evaluate the process and submit recommendations for approval of the counselling. It will to a fault highlight the significance of purchasing and origin focusing policies and procedures and introduce the conceit of supply reach management as solution to operation challenges and strategies as soundly as performance managemen t in cost of deliverables and service levels of Grandiose Motors to its stakeholders most especially to its customers.TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction1.1 Aims2.0 Background Grandiose Motors3.0 Critical Evaluation of the current Purchasing and Inventory be given for Grandiose Motors dealership network3.1 Restructure Processing and Inventory Function4.0 RecommendationsTASK 1 Recommendations with respect to structuring the purchasing and archive functions SCM Implementation at Grandiose Motors Business Operation bestow grasp ManagementPurchasing and Inventory Management Policies and ProceduresTASK 2 Recommendations for several(predicate) purchasing and fund management policies for purchase of different types of service parts and materialsTASK 3 communicate Chain and Inventory management concepts intentional to funk Investment and space requirements and maintaining adequate service levels of Grandiose Motors theme to reduce Investment and Space requirementsPerformance Management and Service LevelsGrandiose Motors Operational Strategies and its ImplicationSCM professionals or SCM consultant or practiti wizrUsing SCM ERP Packages5.0 outcome6.0 List of ReferencesIntroductionGrandiose Motors is foreseeing that the sustainability of its successful performance and efficient service is to manage its current challenges -ensuring availability of service parts and materials and finding a solution to facilities and w arhouse space requirements to accommodate the growth of Grandiose Motorss business. To sustain the companys growth, impending challenges for the company have been identified and the need to address them has been raised.1.1 AimThis report is do to critically evaluate current processes involved in the operation and suggest some recommendations to address the forthcoming challenges. An idea and the perception from industry practices that Supply Chain Management solves inventory and w behousing concern for business operations, is an option that Grandiose Mo tors desire to explore. This paper will provide an everyplaceview of how Supply chain can dish out business operations as well as solving the current challenges of the company.2.0 Background Grandiose MotorsGrandiose Motors was established 15 years ago, starting from wiz office it has grown to its fourth automotive dealership. Grandiose Motors is involved in automobile sales and after sales servicing. Managing four automotive dealerships and catering to over a million consumers requires hard work, consistency in customer service and continuous improvement to en authoritative sustainability of the business. The automotive dealership of Grandiose Motors operated autonomously wherein only one railcar make is being sold and serviced. The business was started with the acquisition of the Mitsubishi dealership after over a decade it had already acquired two more and instantly it is on its fourth dealership, the company is now going beyond being synomomous with one car make. The naked dealership is his first auto supermarket where they sell two-fold car makes. This includes Nissan, Toyota and Volkswagen.The success of Grandiose Motors is attributed to three interdependent key factors. First is volume, second is its marketing methodology hassle-free buying experience and lastly, its solid reputation for after sales service. These three factors are cyclic by nature, the high volume of sales pertains to availability of choices of cars and car makes, then the buying experience entices customers to make their purchases at Grandiose Motors and of course, all cars purchases are hold to ensure its usability and this is done finished after sales service- like diagnosing repairs, timely and efficient service and undischarged customer experience. Grandiose Motors is banking on these performance indicators as their solid foundation for their customers. They have gained the confidence of their buyers, at that placefrom, they are known as a reliable car sales dealer and have outstanding after sales support and servicing.3.0 Critical Evaluation of the current Purchasing and Inventory Function for Grandiose Motors enfranchisement networkCurrently, the purchasing and inventory function of the four dealership network of Grandiose Motors follows that they purchase their own service parts and materials. Grandiose is following change purchasing policy where each dealership is buying their inventory independently. It leads to higher costs and more time for managing inventory at each dealership. Centralized purchasing policy helps in better control over inventory coronation, space, quantity and cash discounts and assures uniformity in quality and reduces overlap and duplication of purchasing effort. Grandiose is not profiting from these advantages of underlyingized purchase policy, (Ng Lam 1991).Supplies forecasts are based on historical demand data since service and material requirements are based on seasonality factors. These seasonality factors are based on weather during the winter there are high requirement for batteries while during summer there are high demands for air-conditioner parts. On the impertinently(prenominal) hand, during autumn there are high requirements for antifreeze. In addition, Grandiose Motors may have seasonal promotion for vehicle sales and its services hence there will be demands for service parts and materials. Grandiose is not managing inventory lay on the line associated with seasonal products effectively. By using a pull arrest it can get discount on the prices as well as the inventory endangerment will be upon the supplier rather than the retailer during the season, whereas the risk will be with the retailer before the season (Cachon 2004).Due to different car models and car make sold by Grandiose Motors, there is a demand for service parts and materials for each kind and model. On the other hand, there are various types that should be maintained and kept available. The supplies are appl y to service vehicles and some are sold to consumers over the sound reflection. Parts suppliers are the car manufacturers and certified wholesale to maintain authenticity. There are various suppliers for oils, lubricants and lover belts. The treatment of these two types of purchasing should be different as the demand, procurement, type of suppliers and inventory and storage is totally different. For example high inventory has to be maintained for rapidly moving parts, where as small inventory for slow moving parts (Duft 2010). And also the purchasing should be centralized for products like oils, lubricants and fan belts where as for substantial spare parts it can be centralized (Bossart et al. 2007).Grandiose is able to maintain hassle free buying experience as well as outstanding customer servicing, by ensuring lowered cost concept, service and repair using the right parts and repairs at the right time as well as reliable after-sales servicing. This key performance policy might n ot be sustainable in the future as the company is discourse various spare parts of different automobiles and if the current policy is not changed about how it handles the procurement, inventory and storage of the different parts, cost will definitely profit because they are not using effective ways like placing the rapid moving parts in such a way that they are soft available to the employees for restocking, using mechanical means to handle and movie stock. This will decrease the labor cost and time (Duft 2010).3.1 Restructure Processing and Inventory FunctionFrom the above critical evaluation of the current inventory process it is apparent that Grandiose needs restructuring of its inventory processing function. Grandiose Motors is growing, the company wants to make sure that the business operation will continue through enhanced customer experience and sustainability of the companys after-sales service and support. The veracious use of storage space for inventory is also crucial because space is costly and with the new dealership acquisition investment finances, space and facility support are over stretched. In addition to this, fiscal resources on hand is depleted in every business investments. It can be said that restructuring and purchasing and inventory supply chain management will address these operation at constraints.Recommendationsestablish on the above critical evaluation the following recommendations are being suggested for Grandiose Inventory management with traffic to the different tasks or forthcoming challenges.TASK 1 Recommendation with respect to structuring the purchasing and inventory functions SCM Implementation at Grandiose Motors Business OperationSupply Chain Management.Supply Chain Management (SCM) can solve its current challenges in space, supplies and finances. As supply chain pertains to strategic and systemic coordination of all business factions for an organization with the purpose of efficiency and long-term performance improve ment, SCM is the best option for Grandiose Motors. This includes products, services, finances and information from one source to the other within the chain of operation and down to the consumer or end user. The entire purpose of SCM is to create value for the company and the consumer (Jespersen Skjott-Larsen 2005). SCM can be use as a warring strategy which integrates suppliers and customers also it reduces response time and creates flexibility (Irfan, Xiaofei Chun 2008). physique 1.Source Jespersen Skjott-Larsen ( 2005), p. )The above model illustrates the Supply Chain Management cycle in terms of planning specific to the requirement of the organization (Jespersen Skjott-Larsen 2005). Following this model, the initial step is to identify the operation strategic requirements efficiency in investment, supplies procurement and space requirements.1. Supply Chain and Process MappingThis is the planning part where the CEO and Grandiose Motors management team will brainstorm and def ine the strategies and directions. The purpose is to identify the postulate supply chain capabilities and gaps appropriate to solve the operation challenges. As of this time, it has been earlier identified that the challenges involve investment, supplies procurement and space requirements.2. information Gathering and categorizationthough meetings, discussion and interviews, data are gathered and documents are checked for the data sources like reports, suppliers lists, demand reports, product inventory, infrastructure, warehouse distribution and expenses and others.3. Analysis and ValidationData gathered will be analyzed and the SCM model will be recommended. This model will include cost, warehouse, distribution and inventory for supplies and materials. Validation will be done by finance and management. Findings and results and possible issues will be identified from sample data and the model. Recommendations will be presented to get the approval of CEO and the management in order to design the solution model.4. Solution Design and RecommendationThe Supply Chain pretext model will be presented. This is the model designed specifically to address challenges and operation of Grandiose Motors. In addition to this, an optimal chain model will present the financial impact.5. Implementation PlanBased on the recommendation the solution that will be implemented for Grandiose motors will be presented. Details of the task, the resources, suppliers, accountability, structure and timeline will be included. Implementation or Output will carry out a Solution Implementation Plan. This will detail out the task, the resource, the involved party or partners and the time frame. The simulation plan will present opportunities and gaps in order to come up with a specific solution. See illustrations below.Sample Supply Chain SimulationFigure 2.Saurce Jespersen and Skjott-Larsen (2005, p. )Purchasing and Inventory Management Policies and ProceduresPurchasing and inventory management policies and procedures will differ depending on the processes and policies of the respective supplier in the Supply Chain. With the SCM, these differences can be minimized since industries and suppliers are now familiar with efficiency and systematic process. Purchasing and inventory management ensures physical control and layout of key areas of operation. This manages the different procedures with third parties and other partners essential to availability and procurement of supplies and parts. This would cover forecasting and replenishment strategies, quantity calculation and inventory systems (Muller 2003).TASK 2 Recommendations for different purchasing and inventory management policies for purchase of different types of service parts and materialsIn the case of Grandiose Motors, the four dealership networks are managing various car make and models and this would entail different suppliers for materials and parts. This would have various differences in policies and procedures li ke purchasing policy, delivery time, demand, schedule and methods, forecasting, order placement, payment settlement and return policies and others. With regard to servicing, Grandiose Motors is backup accepted parts for different car makes and models are which are being supplied by authorized dealers and wholesalers. And it is also selling over the counter products like oil, lubricants and fans. Also it has authentic spare parts whose demand is only seasonal. For Grandiose Motors, the company and its Purchasing department has already established a system to manage this inventory and purchasing system. However, due to the business growth, changes in operation as well ensuring continuity of supplies and parts procurement in the future, it has to reduce procuring and inventory costs by having a different policy for different products. Following are the recommendations.1. Using a pull castrate and an advance-purchase discount system for procuring seasonal parts. A pull contract has a single wholesale price, and the supplier bears the supply chains inventory risk because only the supplier holds inventory while the retailer replenishes as needful during the season (Cachon 2004).Advance -purchase system will give a discounted price for inventory purchased before the season, and a regular price for replenishments during the selling season thus it has two wholesale prices. Also the risk allocation will be with the retailer for parts ordered before the season and for the parts replenished during the season risk will be with the supplier (Cachon 2004).2. Maintaining high level of inventories for rapid moving parts like oil, lubricants and fans and low inventories for slow moving parts or genuine parts which are required only at the time of servicing (Duft 2010).3. Decentralizing purchasing policy for servicing parts and centralizing for over the counter sales spare parts (Bossart et al. 2007).4. Rearranging the sales area and storage area in such a way that rapidly moving parts are easily picked and restocked by the employees using mechanical means for storing and moving parts. Using storage space interchangeably, with seasonal parts (Duft 2010).5. Using JIT -Just in time inventory for rapid moving and over the counter sales for parts like oil, lubricants and fans which are easily available and have a large number of suppliers. JIT reduces inventory cost as firms have to incur costs and interest for holding inventories (Morgan 1991)TASK 3 Supply Chain and Inventory management concepts designed to reduce Investment and space requirements and maintaining adequate service levels of Grandiose Motors.A. Solution to reduce Investment and Space requirementsINVESTMENT Efficiency in savingsThe solution for investment is settled through review of all processes and ensuring efficiency and eliminating redundant process. This ensures cost minimization and ensures savings for the company. Minimize paper transactions and the use of recycled text file for r eceiving papers and documents is recommended. This will ensure savings on office supplies costs.SPACE REQUIREMENT Central WarehouseThe locations of the four dealership network may have significant differences, however the company has to strategically situate a central warehouse for the four dealerships as it is more cost efficient. The 45 minute to an hour stimulate is better than renting expensive warehouse spaces. In addition, proper scheduling of supplies and parts replenishing will ensure that a proper inventory system is in place. The following will be involved transportation of company moving trucks, warehouse people and warehouse department, database in place for inventory and order system, central warehouse.B. Performance Management and Service LevelsThe above recommendations automation, paper-less transactions, process efficiency and other cost reduction measures for Grandiose Motors will ensure savings on investment. Since there is no need to avail on expensive wareho use spaces, the company will save more to use the investment in purchasing supplies and supporting system automation and database software. The Central Warehouse may be located in one of the network dealerships or in the main office of Grandiose Motors this will just be an additional facility and will not require additional start up investment. Service levels and performance management are measured through the companys key performance indicators. These are measurable objectives to ensure that the performance of the company is able to attain its target and measure the savings and cost of the organization (Muller 2003). The service level for Grandiose Motors is determined by various factors such as servicing turn around time, timely availability of supplies and parts for different dealership network, sales and volume, distribution and inventory.Below is the sample transport and packaging process model followed by Toyota Motors which illustrates the model to follow and ensures that eac h process is documented and all are aware of the system (Iyer, Seshadri , Vasher 2009).ToyotaFigure 3.C. Grandiose Motors Operational Strategies and its ImplicationBy Following SCM concepts, best sources and sustainability of the business is ensured through proper sourcing of suppliers, planning of warehouse and savings efficiency in processes to manage investment finances. The forecasted implication would be a change in operation. For effective management of inventory and to meet the changing demand and supply trends of the market, it is essential to develop a SCM which is responsive to the dynamic business environment so as to profit from the new opportunities in the market (Len Pea 2008).D. SCM professionals or SCM consultant or practitionerGrandiose Motors should employ the services of consultants or third party professionals intelligent with Supply Chain management and familiar in the Automobile dealership, servicing and supply procurement. SCM can be outsourced at Grandiose M otors.E. Using SCM ERP PackagesERP packages are used to substitute traditional separate SCM into an integrated suite for a new business model resulting in a compact flow of information through the enterprise. It helps in automation of SCM updation, inventory control, reporting, ordering, and scheduling, (Wu Kao ,2006).5.0 ConclusionSupply chain management is a system that is implemented to an organization to ensure improved performance. For organizations that are new to this model and application, this may be change that has to be managed. Management has a significant role in ensuring that the plan and implementation of the SCM model has been carried out. With the growth of a business, the entire organization should understand the direction of the company and that the quality measures through SCM and efficiency in processes should be encouraged.This paper proposed recommendations for the improvement in terms of solving the current challenges in investment, space and supplies procu rement. In addition to this the benefits and implication to business of SCM concept has been discussed.

John Locke Primary and Secondary Qualities

John Locke Primary and Secondary QualitiesLocke, when presenting his theory of representative realism, rivet on the differences that existed between the elementary coil and secondary coil qualities. His work on this subject is basic solelyy a rectification of the naive creative thinkerset of the mickle. It is be incur of this naive nature that the people tend to confuse the two qualities together. Locke while explaining the human psyche said that the images of the items present in the real world atomic number 18 formed in our minds as ideas and are only symbolic representations of what is actually present. He is of the opinion that all the items and things present in the external world are analysed by our mind on the basis of having two types of qualities either primary or secondary.The primary qualities are the ones that have a direct relation to the ends creation. This means that if the objects picture that is in our mind is non having the primary shade than the picture w ould remain incomplete and the true smell of the object would non be formed in the mind. Because of this integral birth in between the primary pure tone and the object our mind visualizes the primary quality as the object itself. The example of primary quality would be weed and not weight. This is because mass is not dependent while weight depends on gravity.The secondary qualities on the other hand are not that important for the visualization of the object in its true form. The secondary qualities are merely the additional features that add variety to the object if anything. Locke says that the secondary qualities only exhibit themselves when they come in contact with the primary qualities. The perfect example of a secondary quality is colour. Even if the colour of an object in our mind is different from the objects colour in reality it would have no bearing on the physical being of the object. Thus, according to Locke colour is not a primary quality even though many people b ecause of having a naive mind set think that colour is necessary for the visualization of the object in its entirety. Locke is of the opinion that size of an object is the primary quality and not its colour because our mind formulates the ideas that are blurry and have no structural form so that they ability have an cause on our senses. Thus, a round thing which is red in colour would be visualized by our mind as a round control without colour. The secondary qualities only have an effect on our senses and they do not play any part in the existence of the object.Locke is very clear in his mind almost the differences that are present in between the primary and the secondary qualities. He even has come up with classifications of the qualities in terms of being secondary and primary. In the secondary category he has listed the colour, sound and taste while in the primary category he enlists solidity, figure, size and number. This classification is not approved by all and many people have begged to differ from it. Firstly, people say that solidity is temperature dependent so it cannot be a primary quality. Secondly, number is not a quality of an object it is a man-made concept so its inclusion is baffling to say the least. Because of these disorientations, it is best to not centering on classifying the qualities in to secondary or primary but to just find an explanation if the qualities can even be distinguished as primary or secondary.The causality law presented by Locke is at loggerheads with this resemblance issue. Locke opines that the perception of the objects made by our mind and the objects in real both are conjugate together in a causal way. The basis of his theory is that all the objects that are idealized by our mind are for any cause and it is this cause which is responsible for the objects existence in the real world. Berkeley opposes this concept of Locke and says that if such a causal relationship would have existed then the independent analysis of the cause and do would have to be made.Lockes ideas are not necessarily proven wrong if the ideas presented by Berkeley are taken in to account. The idea that Berkeley advocates is that there can be no causal relationship in between the ideas made by our minds and the objects that are real still it is a fact that there exists a causal relationship in between our ideas and God. Moreover, Locke in his theory of representative realism negates the idea that objects that we make perceptions of are not present in the real world. He just denies the idea that our mind can visualize an abstract thing that has no representation in the real world. Still this discrepancy of Lockes theory does not make the entire theory flawed.The concept of primary and secondary qualities is a little difficult to understand still if we look to other sources for the proofing of the concept we might find a better explanation to the idea. Locke not only used the method of variability in his studies to differe ntiate between the two but similarly employed the method of measurability. According to him, if the object is measurable then it definitely is a primary quality because only the primary qualities can be mensurable like the size and mass. But with the advancement of science we now know that even the colours can be measured through frequency and wavelengths measuring which are considered secondary qualities by Locke. Hence, the measurement idea is not true.Because of the failure of the concepts of Locke in discriminating between the primary and secondary qualities it is best to look elsewhere for evidences that support the primary and secondary quality theory. Once we broaden our research and look away from Locke, we find that many other philosophers also have worked on the theory presented by Locke. Aristotle was the one who first presented the idea that there is a difference in between the objects that are concerned with a single stunning organ and those that have an effect on mu ltiple sensory organs especially the eyes and the hands. This proves that Lockes theory was not an original one but was in fact a derived one.Locke does not in any way point out this concept in his studies and has not mentioned it significantly. Still this concept serves as a perfect supporting act for the actual theory that primary qualities have an effect on all the senses while the secondary qualities only effect and are identified by a particular sensory organ quite than all the senses.An protest to this theory which is made by Mackie is that it is not necessary that the secondary qualities would have an effect on only one sensory organ. He presents the example of sensory organs like nose and tongue responsible for the sense of smell and taste. He says that even though these senses are different from each other yet they perform as one and usually work together. Nevertheless, this objection is easy to rule out if we look at the sensory organs of smell and taste as a single unit as remote to two different units. The reason for this singular approach is because the two senses are very closely related to each other and its functionality is dependent on the other.Fortunately, the sophisticated advancement has helped in realising the differences in between the primary and secondary qualities and the studies of Bennet are very helpful in this regard. He takes the route of exposure with the objects and the qualities rather than the visualization of them. He opines that the more a quality comes in contact with us the more it is a primary one and the less a quality comes in contact with us the more secondary it is. He gives the examples of colour-blindness and size-blindness to advocate his case. He says that a colour-blind person can live his life easily rather than a size-blind person because the interaction of colour in our life is limited while the interaction of size is extensive. Thus, colour is a secondary quality and the size is a primary quality. This e xplanation is very much understandable and appeals to the lay mans mind.In the end, it is evident that although the case put forward by Locke about the differences in between the primary and secondary qualities is very strong and has reasonable proofing accompanying it still it fails to connect with the audiences because of the complex nature of his explanation. However, if the case is viewed through methodical analysis, as is the case in this essay, the argument does become easy to understand. Furthermore, the Aristotles theory mentioned in this essay is also supportive of the idea presented by Locke.The outcome of all the debate is that even if there is a difference between the primary and secondary qualities it is mighty difficult to determine the point of difference between the two.

Capital punishment :: essays research papers

Capital PunishmentA View of the punishments in America todayCapital Punishment by rendering is the term apply for the death penalty. Capital punishment is the most extreme of altogether sentencing options. In the United States capital punishment is legal in thirty-nine of the fifty states. Beginning in 1973, prison populations began a sure growth. There were 204,211 inmates in 1973, and by 1977 the number of prisoners had grown to 285,456, which later grew to 315,974 in 1980. By 1976, it was travel by that the death penalty had to be reinstated. Americas twenty-one year experiment with capital punishment has resulted in a total of 392 executions, seventy octad of which took place in 1996 alone. Of these only thirty-four were federal cases, out of which thirty two were male and only two were female. Every year about 15,000 killers are charged and only about 300 wind up on death row. The death row population is never-endingly increasing. It is now more than 3,000. Because of co nstant appeals, it takes a person on death row typically between five to eight years to finally get Medugno 2 executed. To kill all the prisoners on death row, it is estimated that it would take two executions a day.for seven years. Crimes such as aiding in suicide, causing a boat collision resulting in death, agonistic marriage, espionage, castrating another, rape, homicide, child molesting resulting in death, and conspiracy to kidnap for ransom among many others are, in some states, crimes that are punishable by death. What the law permits, however, is not always used by the courts or the executive authorities. Most executions are a result of a murder or rape, and a small number for robbery, kidnaping, burglary, aggravated polish up and espionage. In the US, the death penalty is currently authorized in one of five ways hanging, which has been the traditional method of execution throughout the English-speaking population electrocution, which was introduced by New York State in 1890 the gas chamber which was first adopted by Nevada in 1923 the firing squad which is used only in Utah and Idaho, and lethal injection which was introduced in 1977 by Oklahoma and is the most common form of execution in the US. Capital punishment is legal in Washington State, Montana, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,