How important is Book 11 to the overall meaning of The Odyssey? Essay

How important is Book 11 to the overall meaning of The Odyssey?The overall significance of Book 11 to the epic is that it shows howthings revision over time (Anticleias death, the suitors at his home),which can be missed if someone is not around. It also shows us thatthe Ancient Greeks believe in destiny and discourse from the gods.The sacrifices and prayers from Odysseus and the attention he pays toTeiresias about returning to Ithaca show this. If he did not payattention to Teiresias he may welcome done something to displease thegods (such as killing the Sun-gods cattle and sheep). This couldhave lead to intervention from the gods to prevent Odysseus and hismen from returning to their home. Book 11 also shows that theybelieved greatly in the afterlife, scarcely different modern religions theybelieved that everyone went to pit (Hell), with the exception ofthose souls who were left to wander the earth for all eternity. Theafterlife was always thought to be a lot darker and bleak er thanpeople now seem to think.It is Circe who tells Odysseus of the trip which he and his men musttake. He then has to tell all of his men. All of them be verydistraught when they first let on out that they must travel to the remnantsof the earth. They know it is going to be a journey of many perils.This is why Homer describes the men as heart-broken telling us Theysat down where they were and wept and tore their hair. But theirlamentations achieved nothing. (Book 10, lines 566-568.) This showsthat they are greatly disheartened by the news, having thought thattheir next voyage would take them back to their homeland. They knowthat there is nothing that they can do to avoid this risk filledjourney, which makes it an even more arduous a task for them.It is probable that the men were aware that their end was fastapproaching. Any journey to Hades do by a living mortal is going tobe dangerous. It would only usually be made by the souls of the dead,who would not need to sail, as Od ysseus and his men did. This wouldhave most likely made the men think that they would not complete theirtrip to Hades or would not return from it. At this point of the voyageI dont think that anyone, with the probable exception of Odysseus,expects to see Ithaca or their family again. It is more likely that intentional they are heading for Hades, t... ...tors and cheats whom this dark world brings forth in suchprofusion to spin their lying yarns which nobody can test. (Lines,364-366.) This too is a possibility, as Odysseus has no proof of whathe is saying, and that could be another reason he has offered to stayup to a year. Alcinous then asks Odysseus to continue, as he has theartistry of a bard. (Line 369.), asking more of his friends, theirexpedition to Ilium and their deaths, saying We have endless timeahead of us tonight, its early for us to go to our beds. (Lines373-374.) Odysseus agrees to continue the tale, unless does imply he istired, saying that there is also time for sle ep.I think that Homer sees humankind as chess pieces, which the gods ordestiny are playing with. From the prophecies made, and what we knowto happen after them, it seems that occurrences in the poem have beenpre-destined. I think in The Odyssey Homer sees humans asinsignificant overall. The have little influence over their lives thegods decide what will happen with them. The lives of mortals seem tobe a game for the gods, where they all want their character to win.Athene wants Odysseus to win, but Poseidon does not.

Can Haiti be Saved? Essay -- Countries of The World

IntroductionHaiti is most commonly referred to as the poorest nation in the western hemisphere with 80% of its population living in poverty. The country is plagued with the misfortunes of natural disasters, a history of extensive debts, and a poor social system. When looking at the country today, in that respect seems to be little productivity. However, most are unaware that Haiti was once one of the richest colonies in the New World. Much like today, the exports were agricultural and textile products such as tobacco, cocoa beans, coffee, fruit, and cotton. As opposed to being viewed as a failed state, Haiti was Frances prized possession, named the beading of the Antilles. The colony was extremely profitable as a result of the break ones back trade and produced more than half of the worlds sugar (Watkins, 2012). The country today is a stark contrast. In the following paper, I will argue how Haiti became a developing nation. Additionally, I will analyze several of the Hai tis current economic policies and their hindrance on the further development of the country. BackgroundIn order to understand Haitis current economic situation, it is important to know about the countrys past. As stated previously, Haiti was once referred to as the Pearl of the Antilles. However, the slave revolts that finally secured Haitis independence in 1804 ruined plantations across the island. Afterwards, the newly freed Haitians attempted to resume the large scale production. But, this effort was a failed one. Eventually, the plantations were distributed in the form of small scale farms. It is important to note, though, that these farms were mainly government owned and began a long history of government property ownership (Watkins, 2012). Further... ...Watkins, T. (2012, April 02). Department of economics. Retrieved from http//www.sjsu.edu/ might/watkins/haiti.htmMackey, R. (2010, August 16). France asked to return money extorted from haiti. Retrieved from http//thele de.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/16/france-asked-to-return-money-extorted-from-haiti/Dunkel, G. (2003, October 16). U.s. embargoes against haiti -- from 1806 to 2003 . Retrieved from http//www.iacenter.org/haiti/embargoes.htmIves, K. (2010, July 14). Land ownership at the crux of haitis stalled reconstruction. Retrieved from http//upsidedownworld.org/main/news-briefs-archives-68/2589-land-ownership-at-the-crux-of-haitis-stalled-reconstructionTransparency.org. (2011). Retrieved from http//cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/results/SICE. (2012). Foreign trade information systmes. Retrieved from http//sice.oas.org/ctyindex/HTI/HTINatlDocs_e.asp

Ethics of Encryption Essay -- Essays Papers

Ethics of EncryptionEffects of Encryption on the Constitution of the United States of AmericaIn the rapidly developing field of computer science, there is no more controversial output than encryption. Encryption has become a highly contested issue with the broad use of global networks including the Internet. As more and more sensitive documents are existence placed on computer networks, and trusted information is being sent from computer to computer throughout the world, the need for encryption has never been greater. However, the effects of encryption on our lifestyle and the giving medications role in encryption has been (and provide continue to be) debated for years to come. The United States (U.S.) Constitution was drafted to prescribe to the American people, governments powers and limitations. In the form of the Bill of Rights, the peoples rights were added to the Constitution to make the document complete and to ensure that the U.S. government does not hold the power to opp ress the citizens of this country. The right to privacy, though never specifically mentioned in the Constitution, has been interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court from the First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments as well as many other passages in the document. These three amendments are the focus of the debate over encryption. Does the governments plan to limit encryption have an inauspicious effect on the citizens rights to free speech, protection from unlawful searches and seizures, or self-incrimination? There are many impairment which have been introduced by the field of encryption. Each of these terms are need to understand this discussion. Plaintext is the original document to be transmitted or stored on a computer system. Ciphertext is the encrypted document. ... ... Case for Clipper. Technology Review. July 1995 48-55. Dorman, Lester et al. Digital Privacy. http//rescomp.stanford.edu/pweston/privacy.html. declination 1995. Froomkin, A. Michael. The Metaphor is the Key Cryptogra phy, The Clipper Chip, and the Constitution. http//www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/6095/articles/froomkin-metaphor/text.html. celestial latitude 1995. Henick, Ben. The Constitution of the United States. www.csum.edu/A_S/History/docs/usacon.html. December 1995. Licquia, Jeff. PGP Frequently Asked Questions. http//www.prairenet.org/jalicqui/pgpfaq.txt. December 1995. Litterio, Francis. Statement of Rep. Jack Brooks (D-TX). http//draco.centerline.com8080/Efranl/clipper/brooks-statement.html. December 1995. Morton, Bill. The Beginners Guide to Pretty Good Privacy. ftp//ftp.prairenet.org/pub/providers/pgp/pgpbg11.asc. December 1995.

Genetic Haemochromatosis :: essays research papers

Genetic haemochromatosis is a disorder, which causes exhort build up everyplace time. Usually an adult has about 4 grams of iron in their body but with this disorder the amount of iron in the body is much higher, with the entireness amount of iron in the body reaching up to 20 to 40 grams if untreated. In Australia, haemochromatosis affects 1 in 200-300 people but it is most earthy in Australians whose ancestry is from Northern Europe or the United Kingdom.If haemochromatosis is left untreated, it leads to conditions such asCirrhosis of the liverCardiomyopathyDiabetesTo prevent these problems from developing, early diagnosis and treatment is needed. The treatment for this disorder is done by regularly extracting blood, from the same main vein, as the one thats used for when a person donates blood. By doing this regularly, it reduces the high levels of iron in the blood so that it doesnt get stored in various organs.People who are affected by haemochromatosis may stage no sympt oms at all. The symptoms of this disorder are more likely to develop in men aged between 40 and 60 years white-haired and at a later age for women, although the disorder can be diagnosed much earlier. For this disorder, symptoms vary according to the organs involved. In the early years there may be no symptoms at all except for a healthy skin colouring that seems like a tan. Although early symptoms that occur in some people areWeaknessWeight LossLack of interest or concernSexual drivePain in the girdMuscle TendernessCramps in the legsSymptoms may occur earlier in men though because women lose blood during menstruation and childbirth causing the iron levels in the body to reduce.THE CAUSES OF HEREDITARY HAEMOCHROMATOSISThe component most commonly involved in hereditary haemochromatosis is called the HFE gene. On the short arm of chromosome number 6 is where this gene is located. The HFE gene codes the protein that regulates iron absorption. When the HFE gene is faulty the message from the gene is also faulty causing the iron storage that regulates itself to fail. Two mutations, called C282Y and H63D, have been identified in the HFE gene. It appears to cause most of the cases of hereditary haemochromatosis.Being born with two faulty HFE gene copies does not actually have to mean that a person ordain definitely develop HH, it just means that they are more easily affected by hereditary haemochromatosis then others.

The Characterization of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora N

In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston which is set in the 1930s explores the life of an African American women from the south, that trying to bewilder herself. The protagonist of this novel is Janie Crawford. In the novel, Janie is going on a journey to find who she really is and to find spiritual enlightenment. To help shape Janie character in this novel Hurston is influence by the philosophical view from the Romanticism, and Realism movement in addition she is influence by the social events that were happing in the Modernism period. plane though when Zora Neale Hurston wrote the inspiring novel in 1937 right at the end of the modernism era, Hurston was influence by the philosophy from the modernism movement. During this time, which took place between 1880-1860 people, firm things by using their feeling over reason and nature over civilization? That brought her wide awake. She bolted upright and peered out of the window and saw Johnny Taylor lacerating h er Janie with a Kiss. Janie the old womans voice was soin command and reproofthat Janie half...

The Characterization of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora N

In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston which is set in the 1930s explores the life of an African American women from the south, that trying to find herself. The protagonist of this novel is Janie Crawford. In the novel, Janie is going on a journey to find who she in truth is and to find spiritual enlightenment. To help shape Janie character in this novel Hurston is govern by the philosophical view from the Romanticism, and Realism movement in sum total she is influence by the social events that were happing in the Modernism period.Even though when Zora Neale Hurston wrote the inspiring novel in 1937 right at the end of the modernism era, Hurston was influence by the philosophy from the modernism movement. During this time, which took place between 1880-1860 people, determined things by using their feeling over reason and nature over civilization? That brought her big awake. She bolted upright and peered out of the window and saw Johnny Taylor lacerating her Janie with a Kiss. Janie the old womans voice was soin command and reproofthat Janie half...

Courage in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay

sensation identicals to think of a hero, as strong, brave, and meeting all challenges head on. All the characters in this book have a varied view as to what courage is, and they all show it in different centerings through their everyday lives. Younger characters, like Jem and Scout, see the sensible prospect of it, whereas genus genus genus Atticus believes this to be an extremely weak form of courage. He believes in the mental quality of courage. The ability to be in minority and non plump for down and to be able to change he admires Mrs. Dubose for her acts of courage that are against all odds.For a younger character, like Scout, courage is often associated with a visible act that is usually dangerous. It is hard for young children to sincereize that courage can be shown in other aspects of life. Scout sees an showcase of courage in her don when he shoots the mad dog Tim Johnson (pg. 101). Although Atticus does non think of it as very courageous, Jem and Scout are prou d of their father and the courage he showed in this dangerous situation. Atticus views courage on a to a greater extent intellectual level, as a moral thing not something that can be turn out with a weapon.Later on in the story, Jem and Scout encounter the vindictive, spiteful Mrs. Dubose who often shouts out racism directed at the passing children because of Atticus job. At one point she proclaimed, Your fathers no better than the niggers and trash he works for (pg. 111). When she blatantly made Atticus an disapprove of ridicule like that, Jem decided that the best way to settle things was to ruin Mrs. Duboses camellias. Since he could not attack Mrs. Dubose directly, Jem decided to go for something close to her. He is committing a physical act of retaliation, which led to her suffering mental pain yet again.It was a cowardly act, for he dared not step up and confront her. After Atticus heard about this stunt, Jem was made to read to her every afternoon for a month. He now neede d mental valour, and he did find it more serious to source this than the physical bravery he was used to displaying. This is made apparent by him refusing to walk past her house alone, and because Jem was at first terrified of firing to see her. Mrs. Dubose was a very sick wo part, and had used morphine to ease her pain but was now addicted. It was her goal to leave the world be commanden to nought and nobody (pg. 120).She displayed what Atticus refers to as real courage. (pg. 121). She showed real courage because she does not have the luxury of standing there with a gun pointed at her addiction. One single attempt could not free her from the addiction. Rather, it had to be a cosmosy staged process over an extended period of time. It was shear determination and real courage that allowed her to accomplish her goal. It was not until after she died that Atticus explained to Jem and Scout how courageous the woman was because she knew she was dying but was still determined to die fr ee of the morphine.She fought against vast odds, even though she knew that she would surely die. Atticus tells his children that he wanted them to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. He also says that she was the bravest person he ever knew. (pg. 121) Real courage is when you fight for what is right regardless of whether you win or lose. Atticus Finch demonstrates real courage several times throughout the novel, in addition to the lessons that he teaches his children.The largest and most important example would be the trial of tom Robinson. When Atticus took the case, he went up against Maycomb, a generally prejudiced town, in order to defend Tom. He understood that taking the case would make him an object of ridicule and that no one would forgive him for believing a black mans word over a white mans. yet his own sister expresses disapproval at his decision, practically telling him he was bringing disgrace to the f amily. Nevertheless, no matter how much his reputation suffered, he did not change his mind.Standing up for his morals and ethics was more important than what people thought about him. From the very start Atticus knows he provide not win the case however he does his job and finishes what he set out to do. Atticuss strong sense of morality and arbiter motivates him to defend Tom Robinson with determination, giving it all he has. He shows this when he says, Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no intellectual for us not to try and win. (pg. 82). He says this to Scout after she comes home from school angry at Cecil Jacobs for making fun of Atticus in the schoolyard.Atticus tells her to fight with her head instead of her fists. He wants the people of Maycomb to hear the truth about Tom, That boy may go to the chair, but hes not going till the truths told. (pg. 159). Atticus is putting everything a man holds dear, dignity, respect, honor and status, on the line to protect Tom. He later shows more bravery when he goes to the jailhouse to protect Tom from a heap. Without thinking twice, he rushed to Toms aid. He went willingly, knowing that if a mob did form he would be greatly outnumbered and would easily be beaten.Still, he put Toms well being ahead of his own welfare. spot serving justice, Atticus also showed great courage. For example, he did not go along with Heck Tate when he told a lie about what really happened the night tail Ewell was found stabbed to death. Atticus put his life and career on the line because he knew that, as an officer of the court, withholding information from an investigation could have gotten Mr. Tate throw into jail. Nonetheless, like many times before, doing what was right and fair prevailed in Atticuss way of thinking.In addition, Atticus went against his moral code and principles he had unendingly upheld before, when Atticus is faced with the decision of abiding by the law or breaking it in ord er to do the right thing. He knew that incarcerating a man like Arthur Radley would have been unforgivable, especially after Arthur had just performed a great deed by saving his childrens lives. He knew that exposing him would be an awful way of repaying him it would have been like shooting a mockingbird. Therefore, Atticus chose to protect Boo from the public eye rather than abide by the law and his honest discriminative ways he was so accustomed to follow.Sometimes it takes even more courage to set a new level of morals than to stay in ones comfort zone. (pg. 297-302). The courage to change habits and thoughts is very important, because not everyone is able to do it. A very good example of this courage is when Atticus asked Scout not to fight anymore. When I committed myself to this act of cowardice. Word got around that Scout Finch wouldnt fight anymore, her daddy wouldnt let her. (pg. 97). That was a great act of courage because Scout used to fight a lot but as she had promis ed her father she would not fight anymore.Scout, like Jem does not want to disappoint Atticus, so she makes a change. In conclusion, Atticus shows praiseworthy courage and behaviour in many instances throughout the story, not by fleck or executeing, but by standing up for what he believed in a civilized and determined way. His strongest motivation, however, were his children. He wants to be a good example for his kids and encourage in them a strong sense of moral value. One time Scout asks him why he had taken a case he knew he was not going to win and he responded by saying, For a number of reasons.The main one is, if I didnt I couldnt hold up my head in town, I couldnt represent this county in the legislature, I couldnt even tell you or Jem not to do something again. (pg. 82). In other words, he would not have been able to talk to his kids about justice and standing up for what one believes when he himself had not stood for what he believed in. The lessons taught by Atticus and Mrs. Dubose show Jem and Scout what it is to be courageous, to be able to change, to tell the truth and most importantly to stand up for their own beliefs. All qoutes from Lee, Harper, 1960, To kill a Mokingbird, London, Pan Books

A Message from Disadvantaged Children of Friends for Street Children in Ho Chi Minh City – Vietnam

A message from disadvantaged children of Friends For Street children in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Ladies and Gentlemen, Ho Chi Minh City is an economic metropolis of Vietnam, with a population of more than 8 million. Attracted by the rapid economic expansion of Ho Chi Minh City, a large number of migrants from many part of the country is coming. However, they mostly are poor in material, education, professional skills which leads to unstable jobs and low salaries. They withstand together with many other familys members in a temporary houses or narrow rental rooms. They cannot get to enough for living.It becomes so difficult for these parents to manage school fee for their children even they need financial benefactor from their children. Many children of these families have to place upright financially by selling lottery tickets, newspapers, shoes polishing, or begging. Why we help disadvantaged children? The reality of early labors and move out of school of migrant children in Ho Chi Minh City is so common. Adding to these labor migrant children is poor children of Ho Chi Minh City who live in slums. They are also the target for child labors, illiterate and many hearty issues.Facing with the reality that many children cannot access school and their rights are neglected, Friends For Street Children tie beam was established in 1984, purposely to assist the disadvantaged children in their studies. The Association elevates seven Development Centers to serve about 1200 children studying from Kindergarten to Grade 5. What do children service from your help? With the help of donors, sponsors, individuals and groups, and organizations for disadvantaged children at cities of development countries like Vietnam, we can prevent and resolve little by little the basic issues such as Preventing the dropping out of the school of children. Reducing illiterate. Resolving child labor. Reducing child malnutrition. Increasing child self-confident and self-esteem coll ectable to lacking social integrating environment. Encouraging respect of child basic rights. Providing a good environment for education in order to reduce social crime concerning children. Your support will help us to organize what activities? Your support will give children chances to access a good education. In FFSC system, we organize free education for children from 5 to 15 years old included Pre-school and Elementary School classes.This is a very important step to support all children to excel certain noesis in order to integrate public schools. Without supporting, it will be impossible for poor and labor child to access further education. At the center, we also organize language classes such as English, Japanese for children Vocational training courses such as sewing, embroidery for girls Building up child self-confident and social apprehensiveness through life skills and life values courses up(p) childrens creativities through recreation programs according to age su ch as circle games, drawing Improving their health through outdoor body exercises Healthcare, teeth care and providing milk Sponsorships for poor children who study at public schools to prevent dropping out due to financial reason Supporting children and families psychologically through home visits. Whats impact of our support for children? Our purpose focuses on and enhances well-being and a better emerging of disadvantaged children. These disadvantaged children will have chance to access and integrate the public school and to develop their talents. Some girls who are trained can earn living in the future. They are served better in nutrition and health. They will gain a balance on psychology. They have chances to have fun as any other children. These poor children can proceed higher education in order to graduate from high school and college. They are provided necessary association and skills to live healthily, happily and usefully in future society. Our dear guests, we would like to express our deepest gratitude for your kind presence here today. Thank you for your attentive listening.

Native American Treaties

America requested that the nation cede certain(prenominal) races of land, beneficial to the US, and with the agreement that the United States could establish garrisons where they craved In order to protect the frontiers. In exchange for the considerations and the permanent relinquishment of those lands and claims, the United States concord to pay the nation several types of compensation. First was an annual monetary sum of $3000. 00 every year indefinitely to the Creek Nation, with an additional $1000. 00 per year to the chiefs who administer the politicsal services to the tribe.Also provided In the treaty was the sum of $25,000. 00, to be distributed in parts as merchandise and goods, the distraction of debts the Nation owed, and the satisfaction of individual loss of property claims against the tribe by citizens of the united States. In addition, the united States agreed to furnish two sets of Blacksmiths tools and the men to work them for a period of three years. K State Cre ek 1802 1 felt as though, while I still disagree with the idea that these treaty agreements were in any way fair or a true option to the tribes on these lands, this particular treaty wasnt any crueler than other treaties.The land descriptions of what was to be ceded to the united States Is official for me to comprehend in any Value aspect. I am non certain of the acreage, nor would I capture to know the land value. Secondly, only part of that value was direct compensation. I find the breakdown of the larger compensation package suspect, since It virtually forgives debts that the United States government purports the Creek Indians acquired and/or for acts the government purports the Creek Indians committed against the citizens of America.If the land, property, or other purported to have been taken was in actuality the Creek Indians to begin with, then it would be unsportsmanlike to use land compensation as payment of a debt that never occurred. The second treaty I chose was signed August 9, 1814, ( withal called the Treaty of Ft. Jackson) following the events adjoin the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson was both the 1 OFF the Creek Indian tribes that culminated with the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama on March 27, 1814, and killed 800 Indian warriors and imprisoned over 500 women and children in the Ft Aims Massacre. Britannica Creek Indian War) The agreement was in response to Unprovoked, inhuman, and sanguinary war, waged y the hostile Creeks against us and for fundamentally violating the 1790 treaty, disregarding the previous genuine spirit of existing treaties. (K State Creek 1814) This treaty had many to a greater extent provisions, and heavily estimateed the United States, while move blame to the Creek Indians for the events that lead to the massacre, and hence, this treaty which reads more as a list of spoils.The United States demanded the equivalent to all expenses for seeing out the entirety of the war to its end. non being specifically written , I can only assume that they entirety included the Creek Indian War AND the majority of the War of 1812. The United States was penalizing the Creek Indians for affording assist and aid to the British during the War of 1812. This equated to over 23,000,000 acres of land, minus a few reservations of 1 mile tracts per person who had remained friendly to the United States during the conflict.The US also demanded that the Creeks abandon all communications and relations with the British and the Spanish, the rights to establish military posts and trading houses on roads in territories still occupied by the Indian tribe, the right to completely free navigation of all waters, the surrender of al persons or property gained by the Creeks during the conflicts, the capture and surrender of all instigators, and permanent intermission between the Creek Indians and the United States, as soundly as among the Creek Indians and the Cherokee, Chickasaws, and Choctaw Indian tribes.In return for the demands, the Americans guaranteed the integrity of the Northern and North eastern aspects of their territory, as well as a Humanitarian gesture of continuing to furnish the necessaries of life Until crops are competent to yield and will establish trading houses in the Nation to enable the Nation to procure clothes By industry or economy. (K State Creek 1814) The benefit of this treaty was quite obviously in favor of the United States. There was little concession to the Indians for what amounts to half of the state of Alabama and the entire South portion of Georgia in land mass. Britannica Creek Indian War) While the wording tends to validate the demands of the US, it does not address that the War of 1812 was an occurrence during the intertribal wars that were going on at the time. Some tribes saw an opportunity to direct a loyalty to the US, which further incited the opposing tribes who felt that the intrusion of the US was not permissible to act against the US, but supporting the opposition in the war, or actually attacking American citizens themselves. Encore of Alabama) The actions of the tribes had not started as actions against the United States for the sake of war against America. Had this been the case, Jacksons generalization of unprovoked, inhuman war might be more accurate. However, at a time in history where the United States was systematically striping land, rights, and humanity from the indigenous people who ere in actual possession of it upon the Americans reach is hypocritical at best.The drastic change between the style and manner of the treaties of 1802 and 1814 show the turn America took from being a participant in a mutual, albeit selfish, exchange to a punishing political power using treaties and government backed Americans was, ironically, to become President and initiate Indian Removal as dress policy. With the concession as a gesture of humanity America made the Creek Tribe both more dependent on the US government for necessities the y could not themselves generate now for lack of the territory they once had to farm, herd, and ark on but also began a culture of resentment with the tribe.I am not convinced this wasnt the take objective of the humanitarian help written into the agreement. It is clear to see that while in the beginning, there was a more conservative tactic with the treaties to maintain a certain amount of control over the native tribes, there was a more concerted effort as time passed and the United States desired to take more and give less. The power differential is shown most vividly in the sheer volume of land taken in the 1814 treaty as equivalent to expenses.

Quantitative Analysis for Management

Raptor Fuels produces three grades of gasoline Regular, Premium, and extremely. All of these are produced by blending two types of crude oil pugnacious A and Crude B. The two types of crude contain specific ingredients which help in determining the octane rating of gasoline. The important ingredients and the costs are contained in the followers table pic .. In order to achieve the desired octane ratings, at least(prenominal) 41% of Regular gasoline should be Ingredient 1 at least 44% of Premium gasoline must be Ingredient 1, and at least 48% of crack gasoline must be Ingredient 1.Due to flow contract commitments, Raptor Fuels must produce as least 20,000 gallons of Regular, at least 15,000 gallons of Premium, and at least 10,000 gallons of Super. Formulate a linear program that could be use to determine how much of Crude A and Crude B should be used in each of the gasolines to meet the demands at the borderline cost. What is the minimum cost? How much of Crude A and Crude B ar e used in each gallon of the different types of gasoline?SOLUTION allow A1 = gallons of crude A used in Regular A2 = gallons of crude A used in Premium A3 = gallons of crude A used in Super B1 = gallons of crude B used in Regular B2 = gallons of crude B used in Premium B3 = gallons of crude B used in Super Minimize cost = 0. 42A1 + 0. 42A2 + 0. 42A3 + 0. 47B1 + 0. 47B2 + 0. 47B3 Subject to 0. 40A1 + 0. 52B1 ( 0. 41(A1 + B1) 0. 40A2 + 0. 52B2 ( 0. 44(A2 + B2) 0. 40A3 + 0. 52B3 ( 0. 8(A3 + B3) A1 + B1 ( 20,000 A2 + B2 ( 15,000 A3 + B3 ( 10,000 A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3 ( 0 The solution is A1 = 18,333. 33 gallons of crude A used in Regular A2 = 10,000 gallons of crude A used in Premium A3 = 3,333. 33 gallons of crude A used in Super B1 = 1. 666. 67 gallons of crude B used in Regular, B2 = 5,000 gallons of crude B used in Premium B3 = 6,666. 67 gallons of crude B used in Super total cost = $19,566. 67.

Judaism popular jewish holidays

To demonstrate your repentance and make amends for all the sins youVe committed. Yom Kippur is a complete Sabbath no work can be performed on that day. It is well- nown that you are supposed to refrain from eating and drinking (even water) on Yom Kippur. It is a complete, 25-hour fast author before sunset on the evening before Yom Kippur and ending later on nightfall on the day of Yom Kippur. The Talmud also specifies additional restrictions that are less well-known(a) washing and bathing, anointing unmatchables body (with cosmetics, deodorants, etc. , wearing leather shoes, and engaging in sexual relations are all prohibited on Yom Kippur. It is general to wear white on the holiday, which symbolizes purity and calls to mind the promise that our sins shall be made as white as snow (Is. 18) 3. Sukkot conditional relation Remembers the wandering in the dessert also a harvest fete aloofness 7 days The Festival of Sukkot begins on Tishri 15, the fifth day after Yom Kippur. Sukkot is so unreservedly Joyful that it is commonly referred to in Jewish prayer and literature as Zman Simchateinu , the Season of our Rejoicing.Sukkot has a dual significance historical and agricultural. Historically, Sukkot commemorates the forty-year period during which the children of Israel were wandering in the desert, living in temporary shelters. Agriculturally, Sukkot is a harvest festival and is sometimes referred to as efers to the temporary dwellings that we are commanded to live in during this holiday in remembering of the period of wandering. The festival of Sukkot is instituted in Leviticus 2333 et seq. No work is permitted on the first and second days of the holiday. . Shemini Atzeret Significance A follow-up to Sukkot the climax of the yearbook cycle of Torah readings Length 2 days (Some 1 day) Customs Limited dwelling in the sukkah dancing and rejoicing with Torah scrolls Date the day after the seventh day of Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret literally means the assembly of th e eighth (day). Sukkot is a holiday intended for all of mankind, but when Sukkot is over, the Creator invites the Jewish people to confine for an extra day, for a more intimate celebration.Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are holidays on which work is not permitted. 5. Simchat Torah Simchat Torah means Rejoicing in the Torah. This holiday marks the completion of the annual cycle of weekly Torah readings. Each week in synagogue we publicly read a few chapters from the Torah, starting with Genesis Ch. 1 and working our expressive style around to Deuteronomy 34. On Simchat Torah, we read the last Torah portion, then roceed immediately to the first chapter of Genesis, reminding us that the Torah is a circle, and never ends.This completion of the readings is a time of great celebration. 6. Chanukkah Significance Remembers the rededication of the Temple after it was defiled by the Greeks Observances Lighting candles Length 8 days Customs eating fried foods playing with a dreidel (top) Chanukkah, the Jewish festival of rededication, also known as the festival of lights, is an eight day festival beginning on the 25th day of the Jewish month of Kislev.Chanukkah is probably one of the best known Jewish holidays, because of its roximity to Christmas. Many non-Jews think of this holiday as the Jewish Christmas, adopting many of the Christmas customs, such as elaborate gift-giving and decoration. It is extremely ironic that this holiday, which has its root in a revolution against adaptation and the dominance of Jewish religion, has become the most conformed, secular holiday on our calendar.The only religious observance associate to the holiday is the lighting of candles. The candles are arranged in a candelabrum called a menorah (or sometimes called a chanukkiah). 7. Pesach Passover Significance Remembers the Exodus from Egypt ommunal retelling of the Exodus story Length 8 days (Some 7 days) Exodus 1214-17 Agriculturally, it represents the beginning of the harvest sea son in Israel, but little attention is paid to this aspect of the holiday.The primordial observances of Pesach are related to the Exodus from Egypt after generations of slavery. This story is told in Exodus, Ch. 1-15. It refers to the fact that G-d passed over the houses of the Jews when he was slaying the firstborn of Egypt. In English, the holiday is known as Passover. Pesach is also the name of the sacrificial offering (a lamb) that was made in the Temple on this holiday.

History – Does General Haig Deserve the Title the Butcher?

frequent Haigs status prior to the Battle of the Somme had been remarkable. In 1885 General Haig was commissioned in the cavalry and served in several(prenominal) campaigns Sudan and in the Boer War in South Africa between 1899 and 1902. In the Boer war General Haig had served with distinction and showed a lot of potential and was later promoted to the war office. more people during this period after his first taste of success thought he had a lot of potential. And he didnt disappoint. In august 1914 when WW1 had started, General Haig was compulsive his first army corps.General Haig and his workforce fought in several battles e. g. Battle of Mon and Battle of Ypres In which he was very successful. All of this success lead to extremely high expectations of him as WW1 had started. However General Haigs title of the butcher of the Somme originated after the First World War, when, due to large number of casualties Britain suffered from the war and mostly the Somme. In which 20,000 died in the first day of the Battle and many were injured. The people of Britain wanted someone to blame.This was a deal mechanism in which people could deal with the passing of the lost generation. Does General Haig deserve the title Butcher of the Somme? In this essay I will discus whether General Haig deserves to be remembered as the butcher of the Somme. General Haigs title of the butcher of the Somme originated after the First World War, when, due to large number of casualties Britain suffered from the war and mostly the Somme. The people of Britain wanted someone to blame. This was a coping mechanism in which people could deal with the loss of the lost generation.Arguably Haig does deserve his nickname. This is because Haig sent thousands of hands to their deaths continuously after his war efforts seemed not to be working. For deterrent example 60,000 soldiers died in the first day alone in the battle of the Somme. The reason that so many people died was that Haig ordered h is men to walk across no-mans land. They were subdued targets for the German machine guns. However Haig assisted Britain in winning the war and although he did so with tremendous loss of life, these men did not die pointlessly.They died to shelter their families and everyone else on the home front, and they died to prevent Britain from becoming a German Nation. Haig was also faced with an almost impossible task of winning the war in the quickest means possible. Haig was under constant pressure from the government to have a large victory to boost morale. This pointor as well as the fact that Haig was not used to the tactics of a war of attrition may have caused Haig to act rashly and therefore if he was not under so much pressure he may have acted differently. Haig was also fed false Intel that was meant to boost morale.Haig was advised that his seven day artillery bombardment had turn up to be successful (the aim of the bombardment was to brake all the barbed wire and kill most of the Germans in the trenches) therefore he ordered his men to walk across no-mans land and look for mines. This shows that he thought about what to do and what was in the best interest for his men as there was no point in telling his men to run across no-mans land to be blown up by mines. It is debatable that Haig deserves his nickname as, while his men are starving in the cold and muddy trench, Haig is sipping French wine.

Should boys and girls be in separate classes? Essay

Single-sex education can be especially harmful for children who do not conform to sexuality stereotypes. Peers ar often the strongest enforcers of sex roles. Boys who do not fit the tough, athletic mold and girls who do not fit feminine stereotypes are subject to ballyrag or exclusion from new(prenominal) children. Kimmel, M. (2008). Guyland The perilous world where boys become men. New York HarperCollins Publishers.It appears that bullying is more(prenominal) severe in single-sex academies, which lack the buffering effects of the opposite sex. Jackson, C. (2002). puke single-sex classes in co-educational schools enhance the nurture experiences of girls and/or boys? An Exploration of Pupils perceptions. British Educational Research Journal, 28, 37-48.When children are separated based on simple biological characteristics, on that point is potential for serious harm. First, the very act of segregation fosters the belief in deep, far-reaching behavioral and ability differences, which runs counter to the true, statistically modest sex differences that do exist. Hyde JS (2005) The grammatical sexual practice similarities hypothesis.American PsychologistResearch shows that segregation promotes stereotyping. When teachers emphasize sex activity, for instance, by lining up boys and girls separately, the children develop more stereotypic views of gender than peers in classrooms where gender is not emphasized. Hilliard, Lacey J. Liben, Lynn S. 2010. Differing levels of gender salience in preschool classrooms Effects on childrens gender attitudes and intergroup bias. Child Development, 81 1787-1798.In fact, segregated classes also increase teachers stereotyping. Datnow, A., Hubbard, L., & Woody, E. (2001) Is single-gender learning viable in the public sector? Lessons from Californias pilot program. Toronto Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.She found that after two weeks of teachers using gendered language and divisions lining children up by gender and asking boys and girls to post scarper on separate bulletin boards the students showed an increase in gender-stereotyped attitudes toward each other and their choice of toys, and they played less with children of the other sex. Penn State Sex Segregation in Schools Detrimental to Equality. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 Sept. 2011. Web. 25 Feb. 2015.More behavior problemsGender segregation has negative consequences for social behavior. Research has shown that children who croak more time playing only with same-sex peers show increased gender-typed activities, and their behavior becomes increasingly gender-differentiated. Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. A. (2001). The stability and consequences of same-sex peer interactions. Developmental Psychology, 37, 431-446. For instance, boys with more exposure to same-sex peers become more aggressive over time, and certain boys, such as those with less self-control, are placed at greater risk for behavior problems. Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Martin, C. L. (1997). Roles of temperamental arousal and gender segregated play in young childrens social adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 33, 693-702.Main point 2 Prevent socialization between different gender Crossed gender friendshipBy contrast, children in a co-ed class have a wider opportunity to find others they are comfortable with. This is support by a large recent study of middle and high-school students, where greater numbers of cross-gender friendships were found to reduce the overall level of aggression, compared to schools in which such friendships are rarer. Faris, R., & Felmlee, D. (2010). Status struggles Network centrality and gender segregation in same- and cross-gender aggression.American Sociological Review, 76, 48-73.Learn about each otherTo be successful, children must learn to live and work with others whose beliefs, backgrounds, skills, and interpersonal styles are different from their own. Research has clearly shown that children who h ave interacted withdiverse individuals are better prepared for this task.1 The experience of sharing, working, and learning with children of both genders is vital to create healthy relationships in both their future families and workplaces. Orfield, G., Frankenberg, E., & Garces, L. M. (2008). Statement of American social scientists of research on school desegregation to the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents v. Seattle soil and Meredith v. Jefferson County. Urban Review, 20, 96-136.IneffectiveNo advantagesOur examination of the existing studies leads us to conclude that there is not scientific evidence for positive effects of single-sex schooling, said Liben. Thats not to say that academic outcomes are definitively worse, but neither are they definitively better. Advantages have not been demonstrated. Penn State Sex Segregation in Schools Detrimental to Equality. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 Sept. 2011. Web. 25 Feb. 2015. ExpensiveCounterclaim Different learning styleSupporting evid enceTheir argument is that girls and boys have very different head words, with boys oriented towards math, science and reasoning, and girls excelling in personal relationships and emotion. In this view, the sexes should be parented and educated differently, and steered towards separate careers. Rivers, Caryl, and Rosalind C. Barnett. Education. Single-Sex Schooling Loses Ground for Good Reasons. N.p., June 2013. Web. 25 Feb. 2015.Counterclaim evidenceSome supporters of single-sex schools claim that brain differences between boys and girls require different teaching styles. But neuroscientists have found few differences between male and female brains, and none has been linked to different learning styles. Its simply not true that boys and girls learn differently, she said. Advocates for single-sex education dont like the parallel with racial segregation, but the parallels are there. We used to suppose that the races learned differently, too. Lewin,Tamar. Single-Sex Education Is Ass ailed in Report. The New York Times. The New York Times, 22 Sept. 2011. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. Linkshttps//thesanfordschool.asu.edu/acces/evidence-based-answers-0

Employment Responsibilities and Rights Essay

Learning Outcome 1.1.1 angle of dip the aspects of trading covered by law.Aspects that be covered by law are as followed, anti-discrimination commissariat to protect against gender, race, disability, duration, wor kinsfolkg hours and holiday entitlements. Sickness absence and sick gift. Data testimonial for personal information. wellness and golosh. Criminal records Bureau (CRB) checks when starting work within a health dread setting.1.2 List the main features of flow usage legislation. The main features are as followed, minimum wage, hours worked, Discrimination, health and safety, holiday entitlements, redundancy and dismissal, disciplinary procedures, nurture and union rights. Health and safety laws cover the work conditions, and minimum wage and other laws set prefatorial compensation takes. Theres also the disability act, manual handling operations and regulations, info protection act, general social care council code 2001 and RIDDOR. 1.3 Out spot why legislation relating to battle exists.Legislation relating to employment exists to stop exploitation of workers by their employers mainly to protect the rights of their employees and to wee-wee sure that they flip everything they compulsion such as safety standards, holiday entitlement, maternity leave, redundancy payments, discrimination laws, maximum work hours and age needment.1.4 Identify sources and types of information and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights. Sources of information and advice can be found in the HR department, from your line bus or your managers manager. The Citizens Advice Bureau, community legal advice, trade unions, additional learning support and from representative bodies.Read more(prenominal)Employer and Employee Statutory Rights and ResponsibilitiesLearning Outcome 2.2.1 Describe the terms and conditions of your own contract of employment. The terms and conditions o f my contract of employment are the commencement date of which I started working for the organisation. Information about(predicate) my probationary period where it explains that the kickoff three months of my employment will be probationary so that I and the organisation can come in the suitability of this arrangement. My contract states my job title, which is care assistant. Theres information about the pay rate during the weekand a different rate of pay at weekends and bank holidays, along with how often we are remunerative. My normal hours of work each week and holiday entitlement are stated. Which explains that Im entitled to 28 days holiday a year but only permitted to deport a maximum of 10 days at any one metre. Also listed is information about sick pay and how much notice to give when leaving the organisation. My contract explains about the uniform that is provided. Theres information about the CRB checks that every member of ply has when starting.2.2 Describe the i nformation shown on your own pay statement. The information on my pay statement is my name, national insurance number, task code and the dates of the intravenous feeding weeks that I have been paid for. It details the amount of hours worked for the four weeks with the rate of pay for weekdays, weekends and any bank holidays or holidays booked during that time and the value. Theres a list for tax deductions and national insurance deductions. The essential amount of tax paid since working for the organisation. At the bottom of my pay statement there is the total gross pay which is the amount earned before tax deductions. Underneath there is the total amount of tax deductions for the four weeks. The net pay is the amount left over when tax deductions have been taken away from the total gross pay.2.3 Describe the procedures to follow in an event of a grievance. The grievance should be raised verbally with your line manager or managers manager. It should be done in confidence heavy(p ) full details and sufficient time to consider the facts of the case and where appropriate take remedial action. If your line manager not be able to satisfactorily resolve the grievance, the matter should be referred each verbally or in writing to the home manager whose decision will be final. An employee is entitled to have another person present at any stage of the procedure.2.4 Identify the personal information that moldiness be kept up to date with your own employer. Personal information that must be up dated is your change in marital status, address and telephone numbers. A change of next of kin details. National insurance number and tax code. Qualifications and work history. Any medical restrictions, absence details, tuition and data protection.2.5 Explain agreed ways of working with employer.Agreed ways of working with your employer are following health and safety procedures, implement agreed ways to follow care plans. Following procedureswhen someone needs to take time off either for personal reason or holiday. Giving your employer the correct time postulate to organise shifts for sickness.Learning Outcome 33.1Explain how our own parting fits within the delivery of the suffice provider. My role fits within the delivery of the service provider because I am maintaining the organisations reputation and setting high standards. Following uniform policies by dressing smartly and wearing the correct uniform. Attending staff training and completing e-learning course so that Im up to date with policies and procedures. Treating the service users with dignity and devising sure they honor their independence. Also communication with other health care professionals, service users and their family on a regular basis.3.2 Explain the effect of own role on service provision.Being a care assistant I support the unit managers and senior care assistants by communicating with them. I keep them up to date with any changes regarding the service users like their behavi our and any medical conditions which have either got worse or better. I follow all policies and procedures when undertaking tasks so that Im complying with CQC standards. functional in a team we can support the service users to maintain their independence, individuality and basis rights. To hold back the safety of staff and service users all health and safety policies are followed.3.3 Describe how own role links to the wider sector.Working as a care assistant we are linked to a renewal of health care professionals such as doctors who come in once a week for check-ups on service users and possibly giving prescriptions so that we can monitor their condition. We also have district nurses and hospitals who require monthly check-ups and we have to update them on the service users condition from carers who work with them on a fooling basis.3.4 Describe the main roles and responsibilities of representative bodies that influence the wider sector. CQC go to a wide range of care settings to make sure essential standards of quality and safety are being met at all times. All staff that work within the health care industry follow all the appropriate policies and procedures to ensure the safety of the service user and staff.Learning Outcome 44.1 Explore different types of occupational opportunities.The different types of occupational opportunities are gaining a take aim 3 NVQ and working as a senior carer and eventually working towards becoming a unit manager. 4.2 Identify sources of information related to chosen career pathway. Information relating to a chosen career pathway could be to talk to your unit manager about progression to a senior care assistant and find out the relevant training and qualifications that are needed for the role. another(prenominal) source is the NHS website for job similar to a care assistant such as a health care assistant which assistant the nurses.4.3 Identify next steps in own career pathway.In order to become a senior care assistant I w ould need to complete my NVQ level 2 and medication course. Do the relevant training at work and then complete an NVQ level 3.

Economic problems in the USSR after the Second World War Essay

Neither Stalin, Khrushchev or Brezhnev achievementfully turn to positive stinting problems which increasingly dogged the USSR after the Second World War How far do you ensure with this statement?After the contend, the USSR was destroyed both physically and economically. The challenge for Stalin because was to attempt to rebuild the USSR, curiously focusing on indus judge and the saving in ordinance to ensure that Russia would remain a public superpower. By the end of Brezhnevs era however, the situation was very different. The country had on a lower floorgone a period of doldrums whereby the economy had failed to improve and grow over his period in power. This was due to his lack of willingness to implement sore policies in preference of a period of stability. I would suggest that although Brezhnev achieved very little, changes were implemented chthonian both Stalin and Khrushchev. However, these changes were often non always overly successful.Stalin did attempt to ad dress the economic damage that the war had caused and therefore try to rebuild the economy. One way in which he did this was to alter the systems in bit already in order to tackle the new problems approach. For example, he addressed the growing complexity of the economy by creating more economic ministries. Further than this at the end of 1947, he adapted Gosplan in order to make it more focused on the economy and therefore limited the State Planning missionary station to only planning (therefore transferring its previous responsibilities to arrange the necessary supplies elsewhere). He in like manner adapted where investment was distri exclusivelyed to after the war such as early investment after the war went to regions which had been occupied by the Germans (for example, Donets Region).Stalin also created new policies in order to boost the economy and increase action, in the form of the fourth year plan. This was successful in the way that it effectively produced large amo unts of raw materials such as coal (149 gazillion tons in 1945 to 261 million tons in 1950) and oil (19 million tons in 1945 to 40 million tons in 1950). He used shorter term targets for individual enterprises to meet. P Kenez said plane if we take into consideration the exaggerations built into soviet statistics, it is lock in indisputable that the Stalinist methods worked, and that the speed of reconstruction was cogent. Overall the USSR managed to produce a 75% increase on the production of 1940 which shows its extensive success and therefore disagrees with the statement that as a leader he failed to address the economic problems faced.Although it place be suggested that Khrushchev faced little of challenge than Stalin, he still introduced new economic policies which had wide spreading effects. An example of this is introducing the nominal wage in 1956 which guaranteed the workers an increased standard of living and prevented exploitation.Foreign trade hugely increased net her Khrushchev due to his extended relationship with the west. Two thirds of the foreign trade was with Comecon countries in Eastern Europe which was also beneficial for communist relationships.Unlike under Stalin, Khrushchev successfully addressed the poor living standards and increased these considerably. Although they were still backwards in comparison to otherwise western countries, for example in 1964, only 5 in 1,000 citizens owned a car his policies combined with the recovery of the USSR since 1945 did mean improvements were made. Working conditions also improved with shorter work hours, more holidays, better pensions and other social benefits.Khrushchev is often blamed for his failings in horticulture (as addressed below) but John Keep suggests that he at least kept peasant affairs at the warmheartedness of attention for an entire decade. No other ruler had ever done so, or would do so. This is evidence that Khrushchev did address some of the problems that the USSR were facing at the time. Filtzer also stated that that these reforms were based on the self-assertion that agriculture would receive many more resources than he would obtain due to them being diverted to other sectors of the economy. Arguably then Khrushchev did attempt to address these issues.Brezhnevs time in power is often describe as an economic stagnation due to the failure in economic growth at this time. However, he did introduce a limited number of new policies which had equally limited successes. He successfully addressed that Khrushchevs destructive agrarian policies should be reversed, for example in September 1965 Khrushchevs sovnarkhoz reforms of 1957 were ended. He did successfully increase foreign trade though, for example exporting oil and gold natural resources from Siberia and the period of dtente led to the high priority of western technologies being imported.Although the Stalinist economic reforms successfully improved takings there are also criticisms that can be raised as evidence that Stalin failed to address the economic problems. The fourth year plan is accused to have been inflexible as it focused on loaded down(p) industry rather than light consumer goods. These items were what the country really needed after it had been shamed by the war but instead industry was based on government priorities. Further than this, the emphasis was put on quantity rather than quality and therefore many of the goods produced were not of the highest quality. For example, in order for accompanimentory workers to bump off their targets, they would produce more pairs of shoes of small sizes as this was quicker and had smaller production costs.Stalin also introduced a currency reform which was generally unsuccessful. It made life difficult for the workers as it reduced how much silver was in circulation and therefore consumer products such as clothes and shoes were even scarcer than during the war. Due to the reform the char market became more active wh ich increased corruption and crime.It is also suggested that Stalins economic constitution was less successful towards the end of his time in power. The fifth five year plan should have begun in 1951, yet it was not drafted and approved until October 1952. peradventure Stalins significant failure within economic insurance policy was in agriculture. Despite the huge interruption of the war in production, Stalin did not focus on this policy area. Instead the peasants were treated badly and the amount of state procured grain increased to 60-70% of the harvested grain produced. Investment into agriculture also failed to be addressed. These problems lead to food shortages which further increased the problems of the low-spirited markets. Alex Nove suggests that Stalins final years were ill judged interventions of authority, excessive centralisation of decisions, insufficient investment and lack of adequate incentives.Khrushchev introduced many new reforms to try to improve industry wh ich were fairly unsuccessful. The Sovnarkhoz reforms ended up causing another layer of bureaucracy and well(p) formed an alternative competition (between regions rather that industry). The black market also grew under Khrushchev as it intervened to revenge repressed demand.Arguably Khrushchevs biggest failures were within agriculture however. He insisted upon forming his own policies without any experts advice and then pushed them through and through bureaucracy rather than trialling them out to see if they would be successful. An obvious example of this is the Virgin Lands Campaign whereby orbit that was not suitable for crop growth was used for extra agricultural land. Although it did enjoy initial success the weather conditions soon destroyed any crops that had grown and the campaign had to be abandoned. Many of Khrushchevs failures are attributed to him personally, especially the lack of effective planning of the reforms and the confusion which sometimes arose. Therefore he c an be partly personally blamed for the failures to address the economic problems faced by the USSR.The failures seen within Brezhnevs era are not so much destructive but rather a period of stagnation whereby the economy failed to improve. Evidence of this is found in the NMP (net material product) fell from 10.2% in 1950 to 3.6% in the 1980s.It has been suggested that the leadership didnt have an accurate view of economic performance as they were not educated well in economics and GOSPLAN was inefficient at reporting findings. An example is one of the top producing factories did not in fact exist when GOSPLAN attempted to give them an award for production. In fact the factory was run on the black market.Brezhnevs defence costs also affected the economy adversely. By 1980 the USSR was spending more on defence than the USA even though their economy was about one third of the sizePerhaps his largest failure was not to address the problems with the centralised planning system where many of the economic problems initially sprung from. below Stalin this was successful but by this time the economy had become far too complex to be centralised. Industry also failed to modernise. For example, using the policy of storming was used whereby old equipment was run non-stop until the end of the plan which damaged equipment and wasted resources. Thompson suggests that in structural terms, soviet planners by 1980 had arguably created the worlds largest and most modernistic nineteenth-century economy.In conclusion, the extent to the leaders successfully addressed the economic problems in Russia was variable under the different personalities. Stalin arguably faced the biggest challenge and due to the fact he did manage to increase production to such a large extent suggests he was the most successful. Although Khrushchev did not solve all of the problems faced, and his agricultural policies caused more harm than good, he did attempt to address the problems that the USSR were fac ing. On the other hand, Brezhnevs rule did not show any improvement, and further than this he did not show any attempts to improve the problems. For this reason Brezhnev can be suggested to be the least successful.

Alternative Obligation Essay

GENERAL hulk The pay off to discern belongs to the debitor/ obligor Except When the right has been expressly granted to the creditor upright of excerpt of debtor non absolute. LIMITATION ON THE DEBTORS CHOICE (1) The debtor cannot ingest those prestations which be (a) hopeless , (b) unlawful ,or (c) which could not have been the object of the pledge. (2) Only unmatched prestation is practicable (3) The debtor cannot choose originate of one prestation and part of some other prestation. (Art 1199) Communication of notice that election has been made * The debtor must choose and communicate his choice to the creditor.* The utility(a) bargain testament be born-again into a simple responsibleness * The proof and form of notice may be made by or every last(predicate)y or in writing, expressly or implied. Effect when altogether one is practicable * The debtor loses his right of choice when still one secondary prestation is practicable of performance. When debtor may re scind wad * If the debtor could not rent a choice collectable to the creditors act of making prestations impossible, debtor may RESCIND the contract with damages. Rescission creates the obligation to return the liaisons which were the object of the contact together with their fruits, and the price with its interest.* If the debtor is being prevented to choose however a particular prestation, and there are other available, he is free to choose from them, after notifying the creditor of his decision The effects of bolshy or impossibility of the alternative prestation BEFORE the right of choice is exercised. * erstwhile the debtor has communicated his choice of alternative prestation to be performed to the creditor, the obligation becomes simple * If the chosen alternative is befuddled without the stain of the debtor, the obligation will be extinguished.* If the chosen alternative is lost due to the computer error of the debtor, the obligation will be converted into monetary consideration in the form of damages. * Effect if one or both(prenominal) of the alternative prestations in the alternative obligation are lost BEFORE the debtor has communicated his choice to creditor * The aftermath will really depend upon whether the right of choice was given to the debtor or to the creditor. A. When the right of choice belongs to the DEBTOR * If the going is due to FORTUITOUS EVENT a) If all alternative prestation are lost, the alternative obligation extinguished.(Article 1174) b) If two or more than alternative prestations remain, the debtor can still exercise his right of choice and choose from both remaining alternative prestation(Article 1200) c) If only one of alternatives remain, there is no more alternative obligation and only a simple obligation. * If loss is due to DEBTORs prison-breaking a) If all the alternative prestation are lost, the alternative obligation is converted into monetary consideration as indemnification for damages. The nucleoti de for the computation of the amount to be paid by the debtor will be the appraise of the last thing or service lost plus damages.b) If two or more of alternative prestation remain, the debtor can still exercise his right of choice and choose from any of the remaining alternatives (ART 1200) c) If only one alternatives remain, there is no more alternative obligation but only simple obligation. B. When the right of choice belongs to the CREDITOR * If the loss is due to a FORTUITOUS EVENT The effect s are the aforesaid(prenominal) as where the right of choice belongs to debtor * If the loss is due to DEBTORS FAULT a. If all the alternative prestations are lost, the alternative obligation is converted into monetary consideration as indemnity for damages.The basis for the computation of the amount to be paid by the debtor will be the value of any of object chosen by the creditor (because he is given the right of choice) plus damages. b. If two or more prestations remain, the obligatio n is still alternative . The creditor has the option to either b. 1 choose from among the remaining alternatives b. 2 chose the lost object. The debtor will be then apt(p) for the value of lost object chosen by the creditor plus the damages. FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION.* is one where only one prestation has been agreed upon but the obligor may render another in commutation * The right of choice belongs only to the DEBTOR * in one case the substitution is made, the obligation is converted into a simple one to deliver or perform the subd prestation. * The substitution also becomes effective only from the time the debtor communicates to creditor his choice to perform the substituted prestation. Alternative and Faculative Obligations Distinguised The differences are as follows 1) Number of prestations Alternative- several prestation are due but compliance with one is sufficient.Faculative- only one prestation is due although the debtor is allowed to substitute 2) Right of choice Alternat ive- the right of choice may given to creditor or tertiary person Faculative- the right to chance on substitution is given only to the debtor 3) Loss through a unintended event Alternative- the loss of one or more through a fortuitous event does not extinguish the obligation Faculative- the loss of the thing due extinguishes the obligation 4) Loss through shift of debtor a) Alternative- the loss of one through the fault of debtor does not render him liable.Faculative- the loss of the thing due through his fault makes him liable b) Alternative- where the choice belongs to the creditor, the loss of one alternative through the fault of the debtor gives rise to liability. Faculative- the loss of the substitute before substitution through the fault of the debtor does not render him liable. Effect on loss of the thing in Facultative Obligation BEFORE telephone exchange * The debtor is not liable if the substitute prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the true prestation is lost by virtue of a fortuitous event, the obligation is extinguished.AFTER SUBSTITUTION * The debtor is not liable if the original prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the substitute is lost, the liability of the debtor depends upon whether or not the loss is due to his fault. FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION * is one where only one prestation has been agreed upon but the obligor may render another in substitution * The right of choice belongs only to the DEBTOR * Once the substitution is made, the obligation is converted into a simple one to deliver or perform the substituted prestation.* The substitution also becomes effective only from the time the debtor communicates to creditor his choice to perform the substituted prestation. Alternative and Faculative Obligations Distinguised The differences are as follows 5) Number of prestations Alternative- several prestation are due but compliance with one is sufficient. Faculative- only one prestation is due although the debtor is allowed to substitute 6) Right of choice Alternative- the right of choice may given to creditor or third person Faculative- the right to make substitution is given only to the debtor 7) Loss through a fortuitous event.Alternative- the loss of one or more through a fortuitous event does not extinguish the obligation Faculative- the loss of the thing due extinguishes the obligation 8) Loss through fault of debtor c) Alternative- the loss of one through the fault of debtor does not render him liable Faculative- the loss of the thing due through his fault makes him liable d) Alternative- where the choice belongs to the creditor, the loss of one alternative through the fault of the debtor gives rise to liability. Faculative- the loss of the substitute before substitution through the fault of the debtor does not render him liable.Effect on loss of the thing in Facultative Obligation BEFORE SUBSTITUTION * The debtor is not liable if the su bstitute prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the original prestation is lost by virtue of a fortuitous event, the obligation is extinguished. AFTER SUBSTITUTION * The debtor is not liable if the original prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the substitute is lost, the liability of the debtor depends upon whether or not the loss is due to his fault.

Biography of Kofi Annan

Kofi Annan was born in the Kofandros department of Kumasi, Ghana in what was then the British colony of the Gold Coast. He is a twin, which has a esteem status in Ghanaian culture. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, sh ares the middle name Atta, which in Fante and Akan gist twin. Annan and his sister were born into one of the countrys aristocratic families both their grandfathers and their uncle were tribal chiefs. 2 In the Akan names tradition, almost children are named according to the day of the week on which they were born, and/or in relation to how many children precede them.Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday. 3 Pronunciation Annan has said his surname rhymes with cannon in English. 4 From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite Mfantsipim school, a Methodist boarding school in Cape Coast founded in the 1870s. Annan has said that the school taught him that suffering anyplace concerns people everywhere. 5 In 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfa ntsipim, Ghana gained independence from Britain. In 1958, Annan began studying economic science at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana.He received a Ford home grant, enabling him to complete his undergraduate studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, in 1961. Annan then did a DEA degree in International Relations at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, from 196162. After some years of work experience, he studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management6 (197172) in the Sloan Fellows program and earned a Master of Science (M. S. ) degree. Annan is fluent in English, French, Kru, other dialects of Akan, and other African languages.